OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. 



in the Technical Institute at Zurich. He ac- 

 quired a name, by his researches in geology and 

 archaeology, before his great discovery of the 

 pile-dwellings, in the winter of 1853, at Ober- 

 ineilen. 



KUTSCHKEB, Cardinal, Prince-Archbishop of 

 Vienna, born at Wiese, in Silesia, April 11, 

 1810 ; died January 24th. He studied theology 

 in the Vienna University and in the Seminary 

 of St. Augustine, was ordained a priest in 

 1833, and advanced to a doctorate in 1834. 

 From 1835 to 1852 he was Professor of Moral 

 Theology in the University of Olmutz. In the 

 latter year he was appointed chaplain to the 

 court at Vienna, and two years later a mem- 

 ber of the Ministerial Council for Instruction 

 and Worship. He took a prominent part in 

 the alterations wrought in the education and 

 marriage laws, and it was owing in a great de- 

 gree to his prudence and skill that the Concor- 

 dat was abrogated and the confessional laws 

 materially modified without a breach between 

 the Government and Rome. Vicar-General 

 and Suffragan Bishop of the Archiepiscopal Di- 

 ocese since 1862, he succeeded Cardinal Rau- 

 scher as archbishop in 1876, and received his 

 nomination as cardinal in 1877. 



LAFAYETTE, OSCAR DE, a French senator, and 

 grandson of the Marquis de Lafayette, born in 

 1816 ; died March 27, 1881. He entered the 

 army in 1835 as an officer in the artillery, took 

 part in several campaigns in Algeria, and rose 

 to the rank of captain. In 1848 he was ap- 

 pointed by the Provisional Government Com- 

 missioner of the Republic in the department of 

 Seine-et-Marne, and was elected by this depart- 

 ment a member of the Constituent Assembly, 

 where he acted with the Republican Center. 

 After the coup d'etat he retired from public 

 life, and did not return to it until, in 1870, the 

 third republic was proclaimed. In 1871 he be- 

 came a mem ber of the National Assembly, and 

 was elected by that body a life-senator. Short- 

 ly before his death he received an invitation 

 from the United States to attend the Yorktown 

 celebration. 



LE FAUKE, AMEDEE, member of the French 

 Chamber of Deputies, and known as a critic 

 and author on military affairs ; died November 

 22d, aged forty-three years. 



LOTZE, HERMANN, one of the leading philoso- 

 phers of Germany, born at Bautzen, May 21, 

 1817 ; died at Berlin, July 1st, having been 

 called to the university a few months before, 

 from Gottingen, where he had officiated as pro- 

 fessor since 1844. His '' General Pathology " 

 (1842) won him a name in the medical world, 

 which was enhanced by "General Physiolo- 

 gy" and "Medical Psychology," published ten 

 years later. His "Metaphysics" (1841) and 

 " Logic " (1843), and two treatises on resthetics, 

 gave him possession of the field to which his 

 activity was afterward confined. The " Micro- 

 cosmus" (1856-'64, third edition, 187G-'80), a 

 philosophical work on anthropology, reconciled 

 modern science with German philosophy in a 



way which suited the spirit of the times, and 

 secured for the work a wide popular reception. 

 Of his great work, the " System of Philosophy," 

 only " Logic" (1874, second edition, 1880) and 

 " Metaphysics " (1879) were completed. Though 

 infused with a vein of idealism, Lotze's philos- 

 ophy approaches very closely the teachings of 

 Herbart and the materialistic school. 



MACDONALD, ALEXANDER, the member for 

 Stafford, and Workingrnen's representative in 

 the British Parliament, died October 31st. He 

 was born in 1821, and began to work in the coal- 

 mines of Lanarkshire, beside his father, when 

 but seven years of age, and was a working miner 

 until 1851. He studied at evening schools 

 so faithfully that he was able to attend certain 

 classes in the Glasgow University, and when 

 he left the mines he taught school for four or 

 five years. From that time he devoted himself 

 entirely to publicly championing the interests 

 of the mine-operatives, among whom he first ac- 

 quired the lead in a strike in Lanarkshire, while 

 working in the mines. He labored earnestly 

 as executive officer in miners' associations, 

 and in the general election of 1874, and again 

 in 1880, he was returned to Parliament as an 

 advanced Liberal for Stafford. In the shrewd 

 speculative venture of smuggling quinine into 

 the Southern States through the Charleston 

 blockade, he won a handsome fortune with a 

 meager sum which he had saved. Notwith- 

 standing his radical views and his anomalous 

 position as a representative of labor in Parlia- 

 ment, he won the ear of the House of Com- 

 mons, and was always heard with attention on 

 questions affecting the industrial classes. 



MACEDO, Conselheiro MANOEL BUABQUE DE, 

 a Brazilian statesman, born at Pernambuco 

 on March 1, 1837; died August 29, 1881. He 

 graduated in law at the University of Brussels 

 in 1859, and in the following year was ap- 

 pointed fiscal engineer of the Recife (Pernam- 

 buco) and San Francisco Railway. In 1874, 

 although a Liberal, he was given, by the then 

 Conservative Cabinet, the important post of 

 Director of the Department of Agriculture, a 

 position for which his talents and specific abil- 

 ity rendered him eminently eligible. Deputy 

 for Pernambuco in 1877, and re-elected in 1878, 

 he took so prominent a part in the legislative dis- 

 cussions of 1878-'79 that he was considered one 

 of the leaders in the Chamber. On the retire- 

 ment of Conselheiro Sinimbn's Cabinet in 1880, 

 he succeeded that gentleman as Minister of Ag- 

 riculture and Public Works, and remained in 

 possession of the portfolio until the time of his 

 death. Long experience with the details of his 

 department, professional skill, and an energy 

 strongly contrasting with the habitual supine- 

 ness of public men in his country, foreshadowed 

 in Macedo at once a brilliant statesman and a 

 leading agent in the solution of the most press- 

 ing problems of the day for Brazil immigra- 

 tion, labor, and internal communication. 



Me 1 1 \ I.K. JOHN, Archbishop of Tuam, O'Con- 

 m-ll's powerful ally in the Repeal agitation, 



