PERU, CHILI, AND UNITED STATES. PHOTOGRAPHY, IMPROVEMENTS IN. 747 



offenses avoided ; that questions growing out of 

 the suppression of the Calderon Government 

 could be attended to at Washington ; and that 

 it was preferable that he should not visit Bue- 

 nos Ayrea on his way home. Ou the 9th of 

 January, 1882, Secretary Frelinghuysen wrote 

 to Selior Martinez, the Chilian Minister at 

 Washington, acknowledging receipt of a note 

 from the latter of December 28th, in which he 

 gave his views as to the condition of Peru, de- 

 rived from his latest intelligence. Secretary 

 Frelinghuysen continues his letter as follows : 

 I was much gratified yesterday with the assurances 

 which you gave mo in our personal interview that 

 your Government, in the arrest and imprisonment <>f 

 Calderon, was hi no way instigated by an unfriendly 

 feeling toward the Unite'd States. If you feel yourself 

 at liberty to renew that assurance in writing, I shall 

 be still further and greatly obliged by your doing so. 

 Such a communication, written in the friendly spirit 

 which marked your verbal communications, will tend 

 to promote that friendly feeling which is so desirable 

 among American republics. 



On the 10th of January Seflor Martinez re- 

 plied to this letter in a similar friendly spirit. 



On January 9, 1882, Secretary Frelinghuysen 

 wrote to Mr. Trescot as follows : 



SIB : Since you received your instructions on your 

 departure as special envoy to Chili, Peru, and Bolivia, 

 I have sent you by cable two instructions. As I have 

 not heard of your having received them, and to make 

 their purport more intelligible than the brevity of a 

 telegram would permit, I send this, stating the proper 

 construction of your original instructions, somewhat 

 modifying them, and indicating how they are to be 

 executed. 



The President wishes in no manner to dictate or 

 make any authoritative utterance to either Peru or 

 Chili as to the merits of the controversy existing be- 

 tween those republics, as to what indemnity should 

 be asked or given, as to a change of boundaries, or as 

 to the personnel of the Government of Peru. The 

 President recognizes Peru and Chili to be independent 

 republics, to which he has no right or inclination to 

 dictate. Were the United States to assume an attitude 

 of dictation toward the South American republics, 

 even for the purpose of preventing war, the greatest 

 of evils, or to preserve the autonomy of nations, it 

 must bo prepared by army and navy to enforce its 

 mandate, and, to this end,"tax our people for the ex- 

 clusive benefit of foreign nations. The President's 

 policy with the South American republics and other 

 toreign nations is that expressed in the immortal ad- 

 dress of Washington, with which you are entirely fa- 

 miliar. What the President does seek to do is to ex- 

 tend the kindly offices of the United States impartially 

 to both Peru and Chili, whose hostile attitude to each 

 other he seriously laments ; and he considers himself 

 fortunate in having one so competent as yourself to 

 bring the powers of reason and persuasion to bear in 

 seeking the termination of the unhappy controversy ; 

 and you will consider as revoked that portion of your 

 original instruction which directs you, on the con- 

 tingency therein stated, as follows: 



"You will say to the Chilian Government that the 

 President considers such a proceeding as an inten- 

 tional and unwarranted offense, and that you will 

 communicate such an avowal to the Government of 

 the. I'nited States, with the assurance that it will bo 

 regarded by the Government OB an not ->f siu-h un- 

 friendly import as to require the Immediate suspension 

 of all diplomatic intercourse. You will inform mo 

 immediately of the happening of such a contingency, 

 and instructions will be sent to you." 



Believing that a prolific cauBc of contention between 

 two nations is an irritability which is too readily of- 



fended, the President prefers that he shall himself de- 

 termine, alter report has been made to him, whether 

 there is or is not cause for offense. It b al> the 

 President's wish that you do not visit (although in- 

 dicated in your original instruction that you should 

 do so) as the envoy of this Government, tut At. 

 republics after leaving Chili. 



The United States is at peace with all the notions 

 of the earth, and the President wishes hereafter t > 

 determine whether it will conduce to that central 

 peace, which ho would cherish and promote, for thus 

 Government to enter into negotiations and consulta- 

 tion for the promotion of peace with selected friendly 

 nationalities without extending a like confidence to 

 other peoples with whom the United States is on 

 equally friendly terms. If such partial confidence 

 would create jealousy and ill-will, peace, the object 

 sought by consultation, would not be promoted. The 

 principles controlling the relations of the republics 

 <>f this hemisphere with other nationalities may, on 

 investigation. DC found to be so well established* that 

 little would be gained at this tune by reopening a 

 subject which is not novel. The President, at all 

 events, prefers time for deliberation. 



There is considerable correspondence rela- 

 tive to the Cochet and Landreau claims, but a 

 want of space makes it necessary at present to 

 pass it over. 



PHOTOGRAPHY, IMPROVEMENTS IN. The 

 collodion process of photography, which lias 

 been in use for thirty years, is being generally 

 supplanted by the new dry process, in which 

 gelatine is employed to hold in suspension 

 the sensitive salts of silver. The preparation 

 of the gelatino-bromide plates is conducted as 

 follows: To a solution of fine gelatine in wa- 

 ter is added bromide of potassium or bromide 

 of ammonium. In another vessel nitrate of 

 silver is dissolved in water. In a room lighted 

 only through dark ruby glass the solution of 

 silver salt is gradually stirred into the mixture 

 of bromide and gelatine. When great sensi- 

 tiveness is required, it is to be kept in a fluid 

 condition for from one to four days. Ordinarily 

 it is left only a few hours, and can be more 

 rapidly evaporated by heating. The emulsion 

 is next freed from the nitrate of potassium or 

 ammonium by breaking it into pieces after it 

 has been allowed to set in a deep <Hsh, and 

 washing it in several changes of cold water. 

 It is then melted into plates, after being drai iu-d 

 After the plates have been coated and dried 

 they are ready for use. These dry plates can 

 be kept any length of time without 1 

 their sensitiveness. Plates whirh are thus 

 made in quantity and are always ready can l.e 

 employed in out-of-door and amateur work, 

 and for the many scientific uses of photog- 

 raphy in which the troublesome wet process, 

 reqmriag the use of chemicals and a dark 

 chamber, would be difficult or impossible. The 

 convenience of the gelatine and bromide proc- 

 ess is not its only advantage. The images 

 rendered are as clear and perfect as any ob- 

 tained from collodion plates, and the imprc- 

 sions are formed in the camera in one sixth to 

 one tenth the time of exposure. The action 

 on the most highly sensitive gelatine plates is 

 practically instantaneous, pictures having been 

 taken in T J 5 of a second. 



