754 



PHYSIOLOGY, RECENT. 



caused by breathing an atmosphere of quad- 

 ruple strength. Professor Woodward does not 

 contradict this theory, but suggests in addition 

 that the vital energies of the men taken sick 

 were to a great extent paralyzed by loss of 

 heat, which was due 1. To the expansion of 

 the air in the air-lock while coming out; 2. 

 To the expansion of the free gases and vapors 

 within the body when relieved of the normal 

 pressure ; 3. To the liberation of the gases held 

 in solution by the liquids of the body ; 4. To 

 the severe physical effort of climbing the stairs. 

 The loss of heat taking place under diminution 

 of pressure from four atmospheres to one would, 

 if no heat were received from surrounding ob- 

 jects, be enough to reduce the temperature from 

 70 above to 106 below zero. Dr. Jaminet 

 gives an implied confirmation of these views 

 by the remark that " the 'paresis is but the re- 

 sult of reflex action caused by the spontaneous 

 refrigeration of the whole system, but princi- 

 pally of the abdominal organs." It is also 

 worthy of remark that none of the men were 

 ever attacked on entering the caisson, and 

 none were ever sick while in the air-chamber, 

 but that the attack always came on witbin half 

 an hour after leaving the air-lock, or at the 

 time. In view of these experiences, Professor 

 Woodward suggests, in regard to the manage- 

 ment of men at work in compressed air, that 

 only sound men should be employed, that they 

 should be guarded against exhaustion, that they 

 should not be exposed with unnecessary sud- 

 denness to the change from a compressed to a 

 normal atmosphere, and that such a supply of 

 heat should be given every man that he could 

 lose a large amount and still have plenty left. 

 The literature of physiology has been marked 

 by the appearance of numerous works, mono- 

 graphs, and papers on the general subject and 

 its several departments. Among the more im- 

 portant of the works published during 1881 

 are W. Krause's supplement to his " Handbuch 

 der Menschlichen Anatomie," containing all 

 recent additions to human anatomy, especially 

 in regard to weights and measures, stated in 

 a very concise manner; Robert Hartmann's 

 (Berlin) "Human Anatomy"; Schwalbe's 

 " Lehrbuch der Neurologic " ; additional parts 

 of Hermann's "Handbuch der Physiologic," 

 which it is predicted will constitute the fullest 

 and in some respects the best work on physi- 

 ology extant; a "Text-Book of Physiology M 

 by Immanuel Munk, of the Veterinary School 

 of Berlin, in which the physiological relations 

 of the domestic animals are specially dwelt 

 upon; new editions of Carpenter's "Physi- 

 ology," by Power, of Foster's "Physiology," 

 and of Beaunis's "Elements of Physiology"; 

 Hoppe-Seyler's "Physiological Chemistry," en- 

 riched with a part embracing the chemistry of 

 the secretions and the general metabolism of 

 the tissues. The bibliography for 1881, pub- 

 lished in the "Journal of Physiology," em- 

 braces in the department of "text-books, 

 methods, etc.," seventy titles; of general phys- 



iology and the general properties of protoplasm 

 and cells, twenty-nine titles ; of general chem- 

 istry of tissues of animal and vegetable sub- 

 stances, seventy titles; of the structure and 

 properties of cartilage, bone, and connective 

 tissue, seventeen titles ; of the blood, its struct- 

 ure and general features, thirty-seven titles; 

 of circulation, fifty-nine titles ; of the lym- 

 phatic system, ten titles; of respiration, twen- 

 ty-two titles ; of perspiration, one title ; of the 

 alimentary canal, digestion, etc., thirty titles ; 

 of the liver, bile, glycogen, etc., fourteen titles ; 

 of the kidneys, urine, etc., forty-two titles; of 

 general metabolism of the body, twenty-nine 

 titles; of animal heat, eleven titles; of the 

 structure of contractile and nervous tissues, 

 sixteen titles ; of the general properties of con- 

 tractile tissues, muscle, and nerve, forty titles; 

 of the central nervous system, sixty-seven 

 titles; of the eye and vision, seventy-seven 

 titles ; of the ear and hearing, nine titles ; of 

 the skin and touch, twelve titles ; of taste, 

 two titles; of smell, six titles; of speech and 

 locomotion, one title each ; of reproduction, 

 etc., nineteen titles; of the action of drugs, 

 etc., eighty-two titles ; of ferments, germs, etc., 

 sixty-seven titles. These works are in the 

 English, French, German, Italian, Dutch, 

 Swedish, and Danish languages. Those among 

 them which appear as American publications 

 are Professor H. N. Martin's "The Human 

 Body," Witkowsky's " Human Anatomy and 

 Physiology," Le Conte's "Monocular and Bi- 

 nocular Vision," Deems's " Hand-Book of Uri- 

 nary Analysis," Stowell and Prudden's " His- 

 tologies," Lloyd's " Chemistry of Medicine," 

 Hamilton's "Significance of Facial Hairy 

 Growth among Insane Women," Prudden's 

 "Experimental Studies on the Transplantation 

 of Cartilage," Mason's " Microscopic Studies 

 on the Central Nervous System of Reptiles and 

 Batrachians," Clark's "Brain Lesions and 

 Functional Results," Dalton's " Centers of 

 Vision in the Cerebral Hemispheres," Ott's 

 " Inhibition of Sensibility and Motion," War- 

 ren's " Columnar Adiposaa," Ott's " Physiolog- 

 ical Action of the Active Principle of Piscidia 

 Erythrina," Prudden's " Action of Carbolic 

 Acid on Ciliated Cells and White Blood-Cells," 

 and Sternberg's accounts of experiments and 

 investigations in the production of septicaemia 

 by the subcutaneous injection of human saliva, 

 on disinfectants, on the etiology of malarial 

 fevers, and on bacteria in urine. 



The accounts of physiological investigations 

 are continually given as they are made in 

 periodical publications which discuss the sub- 

 ject, either alone or in connection with affili- 

 ated sciences, of which the principal ones are 

 the "Journal of Anatomy and Physiology," 

 the "Journal of Physiology," "Brain," the 

 " Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science," 

 and the "Journal of the Royal Microscopical 

 Society," in England ; the " Archives de Physi- 

 ologic Normale et Pathologique," the "Jour- 

 nal de 1'Anatomie et de la Physiologic de 



