PORTUGAL. 



757 



in its enumeration of the Southern people, 

 especially of the newly enfranchised colored 

 population. In its present position, the center 

 of population has returned southward nearly to 

 the latitude which it had in 1860. This south- 

 ward movement is, however, due only in part 

 to the fact of an imperfect enumeration at the 

 South in 1870. The Southern States have 

 made a large positive increase during the dec- 

 ade, both from the natural growth of the ex- 

 isting population and from immigration in the 

 Southwest. 



The closeness with which the center of pop- 

 ulation, through such rapid westward move- 

 ment as has been recorded, has clung to the 

 parallel of 39 of latitude, can not fail to bo 

 noticed. The most northern point reached 

 was at the start, in 1790 ; the most southern 

 point was in 1830, the preceding decade having 

 witnessed a rapid development of population 

 in the Southwest Alabama, Arkansas, Missis- 

 sippi, and Louisiana having been admitted as 

 States, and Florida annexed and organized as a 

 Territory. The extreme variation in latitude 



has been less than 19', while the ninety years of 

 record have accomplished a movement of lon- 

 gitude of nearly 8J. Assuming the westward 

 movement to have been uniformly along the 

 parallel of 39 latitude, the westward move- 

 ment of the several decades has been as fol- 

 lows : 1790-1800, forty-one miles; 1800-1810, 

 thirty-six miles; 1810-1820, fifty miles; 1820- 

 1830, thirty-nine miles; 1830-1840, fifty-five 

 miles; 1840-1850, fifty-five miles; 1850-1800, 

 eighty-one miles; 1860-1870. forty-two miles; 

 and 1870-1880, fifty-eight miles a total west- 

 ward movement of 457 miles. The sadden 

 acceleration of movement between 1850 and 

 1860 was due to a transfer of a considerable 

 body of population from the Atlantic to the 

 Pacific coast, twelve individuals in San Fran- 

 cisco exerting as much pressure at the then 

 pivotal point, viz., the crossing of the eighty- 

 third meridian and the thirty-ninth parallel, as 

 forty individuals at Boston. 



The following cut, with the accompanying 

 table, shows the movement of the center of 

 population since 1790: 



PORTUGAL (Rsixo DE PORTCOAL), a king- 

 dom in Southwestern Europe. King, Luis I, 

 born October 31, 1838, the son of Queen Ma- 

 ria II and of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburf,' ; 

 succeeded his brother, King Pedro V, Novem- 

 ber 11, 1861; married October 6, 1862, to 

 Queen Pia, born October 16, 1847, the young- 

 est daughter of the late King Vittorio Eman- 

 uele of Italy. Issue of the union are Prince 

 Carlos, Duke of Braganza, born September 

 28, 1863 ; and Prince Affonso, Duke of Oporto, 

 born July 31, 1865. 



The fundamental law of the kingdom is the 

 " Carta Constitucional " granted by King Pedro 

 IV, April i.".', 1 s -' 1 '. and modified by an addi- 

 tional act dated July 5, 1852. Tho crown i- 

 hereditary in the female as well as in the male 

 line, but with pretorenro of tin- male, in case 

 of equality of birthright. The Constitution 

 recognizes four powers in the state: the legis- 

 lative, the >-\. nitive. the judicial, ami the mod- 

 erating power, this last boing vested in the 

 sovereign. There are two legislative Cham- 

 bers: the "Camara doa Pares," or House of 



