ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 



793 



Ceschi di Santa Croce, and the Emperor of 

 Austria conferred on him the dignity of Prince. 



In the East the Armenian monks of Bertsia- 

 bo and Bishop Placidus Kasangian, submitted 

 to the Pope Leo XIII through Cardinal Has- 

 sonn, established an Armenian seminary at 

 Rome for the education of students in philoso- 

 phy, theology, and canon law. 



No new creation of cardinals took place in 

 1881, and the Sacred College lost several: 

 Cardinal Regnier, Archbishop of Cambrai, died 

 at the age of eighty-six, January 3d ; Cardinal 

 Kutschker, Archbishop of Vienna, aged seven- 

 ty, January 27th; Cardinal Garcia Gil, Arch- 

 bishop of Saragossa, April 28th ; Cardinal Mo- 

 retti, Archbishop of Ravenna, October 6th; 

 Cardinal Caterini, aged eighty-six, October 

 28th; Cardinal Gianelli, aged seventy-four, 

 November 5th ; Cardinal Borromeo, aged fifty- 

 nine, December 2d. 



In France, the cabinet formed by Gambetta 

 was decidedly hostile to the Catholic Church, 

 the attempt to compel priests to serve as pri- 

 vate soldiers in the army eliciting a spirited 

 letter to the deputies from Cardinal Guibert, 

 Archbishop of Paris, while Mr. Bert, to whom 

 the portfolio of public worship was confided, 

 manifested his intention to employ all means 

 at his command to cripple and thwart the ac- 

 tion of the Church ; but the ministry proved 

 short-lived. The Catholics of Belgium had 

 divided on some questions into jarring and in- 

 harmonious parties, so that Pope Leo XIII, in 

 July, addressed a letter to the Episcopate, de- 

 ploring their unseemly controversies, and urg- 

 ing them to endure some evils patiently rather 

 than make their condition worse by unavailing 

 resistance. 



In the province of Bosnia, which had been 

 placed under the Austrian Protectorate, the 

 Pope restored the ancient hierarchy, establish- 

 ing by Letters Apostolic (July 5th) an Archi- 

 episcopal See at Serajevo, with suffragans at 

 Banialuco, Mostar, and Trebigne. 



In the British Dominions questions had arisen 

 in England between the bishops and the regu- 

 lar clergy. These were finally determined by 

 the Pope in the Pontifical Constitution, Bo- 

 manos Pontifices (May 8th). Under this, regu- 

 lars can not act as parish priests in canonically 

 erected parishes without the express consent 

 of the Holy See. They may attend missions, 

 but these may be divided by the Bishop of the 

 Diocese at his option. Regulars can not estab- 

 lish a house in a diocese, or alter the character 

 of one, without the consent of the Bishop. 

 Regulars having cure of souls are subject to the 

 synodal regulations, must attend synods, and 

 make reports of their missions, like seculars. 



The Irish episcopate and clergy, to some ex- 

 tent, favored the Land League, but they all 

 condemned the " no-rent " policy, and agrarian 

 violence. The episcopate at Maynooth (Sep- 

 tember 27-'8) urged their flocks to avail them- 

 selves of the provisions of the Land Act, and 

 to avoid all secret agencies and all violence. 



They reiterated their protest against the 

 Queen's colleges, and called for training-schools 

 for Catholic teachers. The Pope had, early in 

 the year (January 3d), urged the bishops to 

 labor for peace. 



At the close of the year (November 7th) the 

 Irish Church lost its Dean, the Most Reverend 

 John McHale, born March 6, 1791, consecrated 

 Bishop June 5, 1825, and for many years prom- 

 inent as a leader of thought hi all Irish move- 

 ments. 



The Foreign Missions of the Catholic Church 

 in Asia and Oceania, and especially in Africa, 

 were extended, and several missionaries lost 

 their lives, notably three who were put to 

 death near Lake Tanganyika. 



The Catholic Church in the United States 

 celebrated one Provincial Council, that of Ore- 

 gon, at Portland, in October ; and diocesan syn- 

 ods in the Diocese of Vincennes. New sees 

 were erected at Davenport, Iowa, and Trenton, 

 New Jersey. Legislation affecting members 

 of the Church was introduced in some States. 

 A law to secure freedom of worship in penal 

 and eleemosynary institutions passed the New 

 York Legislature, but was vetoed by Governor 

 Cornell ; and in April an act was introduced 

 into the Michigan Legislature to secularize 

 Catholic Church property. Litigation in Ohio 

 and Pennsylvania tended to settle the exact 

 position before the law of Catholic archbishops 

 and bishops. In Ohio the bankruptcy of Arch- 

 bishop Purcell raised questions not yet decided, 

 as to what property, if any, held by churches 

 or institutions was liable for debts incurred by 

 a bishop individually. In Pennsylvania and 

 Michigan cases arose as to the liability of a 

 bishop to a priest for his salary. The Court 

 of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Penn- 

 sylvania, in Sheehan vs. Tuigg, held that a 

 bishop was personally liable for salary to a 

 priest who had been received into a diocese 

 by his predecessor, and had loft it before his 

 appointment, and had never done any service 

 in the diocese during his administration. The 

 Supreme Court of Michigan, in Rose vs. Vertin, 

 decided, June 21, 1881, that a bishop is not 

 liable to a priest for his salary when the con- 

 gregation fail to pay it. The cases of Stack 

 vs. O'Hara, in Pennsylvania, were finally de- 

 cided, after several clashing judgments. An 

 inferior court held that a bishop did wrong in 

 removing a priest, but refused to enjoin him 

 or to compel him to reinstate the priest; it 

 condemned the bishop in costs, and this point 

 was sustained on appeal. In a suit by the 

 priest for damages, being his loss of salary, 

 another judge held the bishop not liable, con- 

 sidering that he did no wrong in removing the 

 priest, and the Supreme Court, on the whole 

 subject coming before it on appeal in October, 

 1881, sustained this view, and terminated a 

 litigation commenced in 1872. A school case 

 arose in Philadelphia which excited general 

 interest. Miss Scull, a teacher in the Hunter 

 Girls' Grammar School, was charged with mis- 



