794 



ROUMANIA. 



RUSSIA. 



representing and stigmatizing the doctrines 

 and practices of the Catholic Church in her 

 teaching in a way to insult the feelings of her 

 Catholic pupils. A long examination followed, 

 and the Board of Public Education of the First 

 School District held the teacher justifiable in 

 her course. This led to a general withdrawal 

 of Catholic pupils from the public schools. 



The Most Reverend J. M. Henni, Archbishop 

 of Milwaukee, eminent for his care in training 

 candidates for the priesthood, and in enhanc- 

 ing the efficiency of the teaching orders for 

 school work, died September 7th. 



Lady Blanche Murphy, daughter of the Earl 

 of Gainsborough, and a Catholic writer of 

 eminence, died at North Conway, Vermont, 

 March 22d. 



During this year the Sisters of Mercy in the 

 United States, as elsewhere, celebrated, on the 

 12th of December, the fiftieth anniversary of 

 the establishment of their community, which 

 has spread over all English-speaking countries. 



ROUMANIA. When Prince Carl of Ho- 

 henzollern-Sigmaringen entered Routnania se- 

 cretly in 1866 and assumed the sovereignty 

 which was offered to him almost entirely on 

 his own risk and responsibility, and that of the 

 nation which had elected him, he found the 

 treasury empty, the equipment of the army as 

 well as of all the other branches of the public 

 service almost worthless, the cholera raging in 

 the land, the expelled Prince Cusa actively 

 gathering a party for his re-instatement, and a 

 war with Turkey imminent. The entire mili- 

 tary force of the principality, including the 

 troops of the line, the frontier guard, and the 

 gendarmes, numbered 40,000 men, and the 

 artillery had only 100 guns, not all of them 

 mounted. The first act of the young sovereign 

 was to procure with some difficulty arms for 

 the army and bring into the country a number 

 of Prussian officers. In 1868 flogging was 

 abolished in the army, and the same year the 

 army was reorganized. The organization was 



completed by later laws, in 1872, 1874, and 

 1880. The Roumanian army is composed, after 

 these reforms, of the standing array with its 

 reserve, the territorial army and reserve, the 

 militia, the civil guard for the towns, and the 

 Landsturm for the country. The age of mili- 

 tary service lasts from the twenty-first to the 

 forty-sixth year. Roumania could in 1881 put 

 into the field 200,000 men and 400 cannon. 



The regime of Prince Carl, and of the men 

 who have remained at the head of affairs ever 

 since his reign commenced, has been marked by 

 as salutary a change and as great an improve- 

 ment as any nation can exhibit. The corrup- 

 tion and malfeasance which prevailed in the 

 public service, the extortions and oppressions 

 to which the people were subjected, made mis- 

 erable the condition of this intelligent and hope- 

 ful nation settled in a pleasant and fertile land. 



The improvement in the finances began at 

 once and has gone on uninterruptedly. The 

 deficit of 1866 was covered in two years, and 

 the future prospect of the country is very fa- 

 vorable. 



RUSSIA (EMPIRE OF ALL THE RUSSIAS), an 

 empire in Europe and Asia. The Emperor, 

 Alexander III, born February 26, 1845, suc- 

 ceeded his father, Alexander II, March 13, 

 1881 ; married October 28, 1866, to Maria Feo- 

 dorovna (formerly called Marie Sophia Fred- 

 erica Dagmar), daughter of King Christian IX 

 of Denmark, born November 14, 1847. The 

 offspring of this union are four children: 1. 

 Nicholas, heir-apparent, born May 6, 1868 ; 2. 

 George, born April 27, 1871 ; 3. Xenia, born 

 March 25, 1875 ; 4. Michael, born November 

 23, 1878. 



The area, according to a calculation by Ma- 

 jor-Geueral Strelbitzki, is 21,703,000 square 

 kilometres, or 8,379,878 square miles. The 

 total population is estimated at 88,018,500. 

 The area (inclusive of inland waters) and pop- 

 ulation of the different parts of the empire are 

 as follows: 



The population of Finland, in 1879, was dis- 

 tributed as follows : 



The financial estimates for the year 1881, as 

 sanctioned by the Emperor on December 31, 

 1880, were as follows (in rubles) : 



GROSS RECEIPTS. 



Head-tax and ground-tax 118.752.350 



Patents 19,257,400 



Direct taxes 183,009,750 



Customs 96.524,000 



Excise 289,991,830 



Other indirect taxes 40,076,471 



Indirect taxes. 876,592,351 



Public works 26,320.677 



Crown lands 83.909,787 



Miscellaneous receipts 44,987,821 



Receipts from Transcaucasia 8,899,088 



Total ordinary receipts C28,86S.975 



Extraordinary receipts 24,958,551 



Reimbursements of expenditures 



on account of railroads 



Total... 717,461,609 



