854 



UNITED STATES, THE CENSUS OF. 



bituminous coal east of the 100th meridian 

 during the census year of 1880 with that of 

 1870 shows the following results: 



Percent. 



Gain in number of mines 122-0 



Gain in yearly tonnage 185'0 



Gain in value of yearly product 44- 



Gain in value of material used 188'0 



Gain in amount paid as wages 4<5'0 



Gain in total number of employes 188-0 



Gain in total capital 54' 



Ih-nvase in value per ton 89'0 



Gain in tons raised per man per year 3- 



Decrease in yearly earnings 86-0 



Decrease in cost of labor per ton SS'O 



Decrease in cost of material per ton 1 



Gain in per cent of value of the product paid for labor. 0' 7 

 Gain in per cent of value of the product paid for mate- 

 rials 8-9 



Decrease in per cent of value of the product left for 



royalty, interest, profits, etc 4' 6 



Gain in number of counties reporting 68 



The above statement illustrates the fact that 

 the fall in price per ton of bituminous coal 

 during the last decade has borne less heavily 

 on labor than on capital. 



The production of bituminous coal and lig- 

 nite west of the 100th meridian was as follows: 



In the case of these mines the maximum 

 capacity of yearly production was 2,001,697 

 tons ; total number of hands employed during 

 the census year, 3,441 ; working capital em- 

 ployed, $369,931 ; total capital employed and 

 invested, $8,479,573. 



The following are the statistics of the pro- 

 duction of anthracite coal in Pennsylvania : 



Number of collieries 273 



Merchantable product for year ending June 1, 

 1880, tons 27,433,329 



Value of product delivered for transportation . . . $40,331,981 



Average value of same per ton delivered for 

 transportation 



Amount of coal washed, tons 



Ratio of value of product to capital, per cent. . . 



Ratio of actual output to capacity, per cent 



Tons raised yearly per man 



Tons raised daily per man 



Maximum yearly capacity of all collieries re- 

 ported, tons 40,772,000 



Number of employes 68,239 



$1 47 

 1,396,906 

 26-86 

 7-23- 

 454-4 

 2-14 



creased from $50,807,285 to $150,161,196, and 

 the total number of employes from 52,882 to 

 68,239. 



in addition to the merchantable product 

 given above, 83 collieries, with a production 

 of 20,295,529 tons, report the production of 

 7,060,447 tons of impure coal and dust, under 

 the head of " culm." This would be 34*8 per 

 cent of their product, and would indicate a 

 total production of 9,382,086 tons of unmer- 

 chantable coal during the census year, to which 

 no value is assigned. 



The entire production of coal in the United 

 States during the year ending June 1, 1880, 

 by coal-fields was as follows, in tons of 2,000 

 pounds. 



Bituminous : 



Appalachian field 29.S42.240 



Western field (Illinois, Indiana, etc.) b,72U<ti 



Michigan field lUO.frOO 



Triassic field (Virginia and North Carolina) 46,246 



Iowa and Kansas field 2,L':fi'.4: 



All fields west of the 100th meridian 1,477,736 



Total bituminous 42,420,581 



Anthracite : 



Pennsylvania 28,640,819 



Rhode Island 6.176 



AVagespaid $21,630,120 



Valueof all materials $6,489,437 



Number of acres of coal-lands reported 164,352 



Working capital $7,731,953 



Total capital, real and personal. $150,161,196 



A comparison of the census returns of 1880 

 and 1870 shows that the output has increased 

 from 15,596,257 tons to 27,433,329 tons, or 

 11,837,072 tons, a gain of 75'9 per cent, while 

 the gross value has increased only 5 - 25 per 

 cent. But the value of the product of 1870 

 was reckoned in paper dollars. The apparent 

 fall of the average price per ton is from $2.49 

 to $1.47, or $1.02, about 41 per cent, consider- 

 ably more than the change of standard would 

 account for. The aggregate capital has in- 



Total anthracite . 



Grand total coal production of the United States 

 for the year ending June 1, 1880 71,067.576 



Grand total of hands employed in coal-mining. . 170,585 



The production of coal in England was, in 

 185.5, 64,661,401 tons; in 1877, 136,179,968 

 tons ; and in 1880, 146,818,122 tons. The Eng- 

 lish ton, however, is 2,240 pounds. The num- 

 ber of collieries in 1880 was, in England, 3,880, 

 and in the United States, 3,264. 



The census statistics of iron and steel pro- 

 duction were compiled by Mr. James M. Swank, 

 Secretary of the American Iron and Steel As- 

 sociation, and special agent of the census of 

 1880. The following is a general summary of 

 iron and steel production in the United States 

 for the census year of 1880, as compared with 

 that of 1870: 



By " establishment " is meant a single manu- 

 facturing enterprise, or an aggregation of en- 

 terprises of like character under one manage- 

 ment. Thus one establishment may embrace 

 two rolling-mills and another four blast-fur- 

 naces. If, however, a firm or company oper- 

 ates two or more enterprises of different char- 

 acter, each of these enterprises is classed as a 



