808 



INDEX OF CONTENTS. 



channel tunnel under Dover Straits, 248; the Arlberg 

 Tunnel through the Alps, 243 ; canal through the Isthmus 

 of Corinth, '248 ; canals to shorten ocean trade-routes, 

 244 ; ship-canals in the far East, 244 ; Arlberg Tunnel im- 

 portant to Austria, 244 ; the Panama ship-canal, Tehuan- 

 tepec ship-railroad, the Florida, the Chesapeake and 

 Delaware, and the Cape Cod ship-canals, 244 ; other proj- 

 ects, 244; navigation of the Danube to be improved, 

 244 ; plan to connect the Baltic and the Black Sea, 244 ; 

 cheapness of water routes compared with railroads, 244, 

 245; large expenditures in France in harbor and river 

 improvements, canals, etc., 243; Dutch and Belgian ac- 

 tivity and energy, 245 ; suspension-bridge over the East 

 Kiver, New York, nearly completed, 245; tunnel under 

 the Hudson, 245; suspension-bridge at Niagara renewed, 

 245; description of the work performed, 245; improve- 

 ments effected, 246 ; new iron light-house in Chesapeake 

 Bay, off Capo Henry, 246; experiments of Pictet, of Ge- 

 neva, for improving naval construction, 246; Edoux's new 

 system of mountain railroad, 246 ; inclined railroad at the 

 Giessbach, on Lake Brienz, Switzerland, application of 

 the water-balance system, 246 ; plan for elevated railroad 

 around Vienna, 247 ; Arlberg Tunnel, progress of the 

 work, comparative cost, etc., 247 ; ventilation of long 

 tunnels a difficult problem not yet solved, 248; Mont 

 Cenis Tunnel badly ventilated, 248; schemes for meeting 

 the difficulties, 248 ; the Leggestein spiral tunnel on the 

 8k Gothard Kailroad, 248; completion of the St. Gothard 

 Tunnel, 248; experiments on British Channel Tunnel, 

 243, 249 ; the Severn Tunnel, 249 ; restoration of ancient 

 aqueduct to supply Bologna, 249 ; method of destroying 

 garbage by fire, practiced in Leeds and other towns in 

 England, 249 ; steam tug-boats for canals, invented by 

 P. Jacquel, 250 ; Hell-Gate improvements for access to 

 New York Harbor, removal of Flood Eock, 250 ; descrip- 

 tion of the work, progress, cost, etc., 250; the Madras 

 breakwater, failure of the Parkes plan, 250 ; the Colombo 

 breakwater, Coode's plan, 250, 251 ; excavations for Pana- 

 ma Canal, 251 ; climate bad for workmen, 251 ; work of 

 reclaiming swamp-lands around Lake Okechobee, Florida, 

 251 ; proposed drainage canal to Caloosahatchie River in 

 aid of the work, 251. 



Engines, Solar. Experiments for utilizing the sun's heat 

 for generating steam to work mechanical motors, 251; 

 when coal-beds are exhausted, solar heat alone is left, 251 ; 

 estimate of the sun's heat on the earth, and force if it 

 can be utilized, 251 ; Mouchot's experiments to obtain 

 motive-power through the sun's heat, 251, 252. 



Evangelical Association. Summary of its statistics for. 

 1881, 252. 



Exhibition of Electricity at Paris. Large and important 

 display, number of countries represented, 252 ; the chief 

 feature, electric lighting, the lamps used, machines for 

 generating current, 252 ; display of lamps of the arc and 

 incandescent type, 252 ; Edison's system shown in de- 

 tail, 252, 258; other incandescent lamps, 253; Thomson's 

 calculation of conditions for transmitting water-power 

 from Niagara to Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Mon- 

 treal, 253; the dynamo-machines of Gramme or Siemens, 

 Faure's storage battery, 253 ; the Gramme machine de- 

 scribed, 253 ; the Hopkinson, Burgin, and other machines, 

 253, 254; the condensing battery of Faure, 254; second- 

 ary batteries of Plante and Bitter, 254 ; principle of a 

 secondary battery, 254; material agent used in storing 

 electrical force, 254 ; Thomson's automatic device, when 

 a Faure battery is connected with a dynamo, for taking 

 up the surplus electricity, 255; the Siemens electrical 

 railroad in Berlin, 255 ; first practical application of elec- 

 tricity to locomotion, 255; Tresca's experiments on ap- 

 plication of electricity to plowing, 255; Menier's plowing- 



machine, 255 ; electric brake invented by Achard, 255 ; use 

 of the Gramme machine in the rock-drill, 255 ; important 

 improvement in telegraphy, 255 ; Gray's harmonic tele- 

 graph between Boston and New York, 255, 256 ; the 

 multiple type-printing telegraph of Baudot, 266; im- 

 provement on Edison and liughes's printing telegraphs, 

 256; six messages sent on one wire at the same time 

 at the rate of twenty-three words a minute each, 250; 

 method in use in the instruments of Caselli and D'Ar- 

 lingcourt, 256 ; advantages of Edison's autographic tele- 

 graph, 256 ; mode of working and result, 256 ; the photo- 

 phone is a telephone in which a beam of light takes 

 the place of a metallic conductor, 257 ; structure of, 

 257 ; the rare element selenium (of the sulphur group), 

 257; conductivity of, 257; method of utilizing, so as to 

 transmit effect of sounds, as human speech, 257; reso- 

 nance of various substances under action of intermittent 

 light, 257; few changes in telephones, 257; the micro- 

 phone, 257, 258; the pantelephone, 258; Dolbear's speak- 

 ing telephone. 258; Here's improvement in constructing 

 telephones, 258; arc-lamp, means of improving, 258; re- 

 cent progress, 258 ; meteorograph, use of, 258 ; incandes- 

 cent filament lamps, 258, 259 ; international standard of 

 electrical measurement, as agreed upon by congress ol 

 electricians, 259. 



Explosions, Soiler, Causes and Prevention of. Experi- 

 ments in exploding a boiler filled with water, 259 ; com- 

 mon explanation (the low-water theory) held to be in- 

 sufficient, 259 ; government experiments, 259; Lawson's 

 vie wand experiments, 259, 260; pressure needed to burst 

 the boiler, success of the experiment, 260 ; value of the 

 test thus applied as showing constant danger of boiler- 

 explosions, 260. 



Exposition, International Cotton, at Atlanta, Georgia. 

 Address of Mr. E. Atkinson in the Senate-chamber at 

 Atlanta, in October, 18SO, 260; notes defects in present 

 mode of dealing with raw cotton, and suggests improve- 

 ments, 260 ; recommendations as to proposed exposition, 

 260; steps taken in consequence, 260, 261 ; Mr. Kimball's 

 visit to the chief cities North and West, 261 ; names of 

 gentlemen obtaining a charter for "The International Cot- 

 ton Exposition," capital, shares, etc., 261 ; first exposition 

 to be from October 5 to December 81, 1881 ; officers of the 

 organization, 261 ; finance committee, 261 ; the Legislature 

 of Georgia decline making an appropriation in aid of exposi- 

 tion, 261 ; influence and activity of the press in favor, 262 ; 

 preparations, exhibitors very numerous, zeal and energy 

 displayed, 262; exposition formally opened, 262; build- 

 ings and grounds, 262 ; size of main building, the agri- 

 cultural hall, and other buildings for exhibiting carriages, 

 minerals, works of art, etc., 262 ; space covered by build- 

 ings, and cost, 263 ; cotton-plants near the grounds, 263 ; 

 hotel created, 263; classification of exhibits, 263 ; mineral 

 and metallurgical products, tools, implements, and ma- 

 chinery, manufactures in general, textile manufactures 

 home and social improvements, forest and agricultural 

 products, 263 ; system of awards, judges appointed, cer- 

 tificates of merit, etc., 263; over 1,800 exhibits, all Ameri- 

 can, with very few exceptions, 263, 264; not exclusively 

 "cotton" exposition, 264; agricultural implements and 

 machinery, very numerous and various, as plows, har- 

 rows, pulverizers, choppers, cotton-pickers, etc., 264; good 

 lessons to Southern farmers, 264 ; prize given to the Chica- 

 go screw pulverizer and seeder, 204 ; other prizes, 264 ; the 

 cotton-worm-killer, 264, 265; cotton-gins exhibited, great 

 advance on Whitney's original machine, 265; machines 

 for cleansing cotton very valuable, 265; the " grand prize 

 of the exposition" given toEalston's cotton -cleaner, 265; 

 great value of this machine, 265; cotton-presses, 265. 

 Kemp's manure-spreader, 265, 266; description of, 266; 



