INDEX OF CONTENTS. 



machines for utilizing cotton-seed, milling, grinding, etc. 

 266; value of oil expressed, 266; cost of oil-mill, 266; 

 barbed-wire fencing material, 266; great improvement 

 on the old style of rail-fence, etc., 266, 267 ; hulling-ma- 

 chines for rice, 267; great variety and value of machines 

 exhibited, 267 ; minerals and woods, exhibit very inter- 

 esting and instructive, 267 ; the collections to be preserved, 

 267; steam-engines, etc., 267; large variety of engines 

 from various parts of the country, 267 ; other machines, 

 tools, carriages, etc., 267, 263; textile manufactures, vast 

 collection of, from all quarters, as cotton yarns, cloths, 

 prints, linens, muslins, and the b'ke, 26S ; " potentialities 

 of the future " great, 263 ; progress of skill and enterprise 

 at the South, 263 ; some Chinese and Japanese garments, 

 268 ; silk display, 268 ; machines for textile manufacturing 

 very numerous, 268; interesting miscellaneous exhibits, 

 268; the art-gallery display not of much account. 268; 

 rich display of watches, jewelry, precious stones, etc., 

 268, 269 ; several exhibits of pianos, organs, and the like, 

 269; agricultural products well represented, as cotton, 

 corn, rice, sugar-cane, fruits, tobacco, etc., 269; the cot- 

 ton prize of $1,000 closely contested, .269; a Mississippi 

 bale from near Fanola the winner, 269 ; other prizes, 269 ; 

 a bale of dressed jute exhibited, 269 ; the Kansas pagoda 

 of samples of products of her fields, gardens, and or- 

 chards, 269, 270 ; samples of East India and other cotton, 

 270; special weekly exhibitions, of cattle and mules, 

 sheep and swine, dogs, poultry, and dairy products, 270 ; 

 convention of planters, various meetings, visitors, etc., 

 270; exposition closed last day of the year, with appro- 

 priate formalities, 270 ; the Governor's speech at the 

 winding up, 270 ; in view of the difficulties in the way, the 

 exposition a great success, 270, 271 ; great value to the 

 South and Southwest as a stimulus, 270, 271 ; beneficial to 

 all the States by bringing people together, to interchange 

 ideas, opinions, courtesies, etc., 271 ; financial result 

 shows some $20,000 to be distributed among stockhold- 

 ers, 271 ; probably in the end not so much, 271 ; the 

 buildings and land purchased by a company, for the 

 purpose of establishing a cotton -mill, with 10,000 

 spindles, etc., named the "Exposition Cotton Mills," 

 271. 



Eye-sight, its Defects and Treatment. Great attention to 

 this subject of late years, 271 ; the eye like the camera of 

 the photographer, but vastly superior, 271 ; description 

 of the human eye, the retina, optic nerve, nerve-threads, 

 perfection of its movements, rapidity, wide sweep, etc., 

 271, 272 ; most important difference between the eye and 

 the camera is in the means of adjusting the instrument 

 to the reception of light from near and remote ob- 

 jects, 272; mode of action of the camera lenses, mode 

 of adjustment of the eye entirely different, 272 ; the 

 eyeball and its fluids, 272 ; crystalline lens back of the 

 iris, 272; radiating elastic bands, action of, 272; mus- 

 cular fibers, their action, 272; investigations into the 

 method by which the power of vision is adjusted to 

 various distances, 272 ; Professor Helmholtz's instrument 

 for measuring curvatures of the crystalline lens, 272; 

 cause of failing sight, 272 ; age brings inability to form a 

 clear picture of objects, 272 ; artificial lenses supply the 

 deficiency, varying in convexity according to the needs of 

 the eye, 272; spectacles should be resorted to in time, 

 273; advice of Mr. Carter and Dr. Harlan, 278; short 

 sight (myopia) and how remedied, 278; causes of near- 

 sightedness, bad light in school-rooms, close confinement., 

 impure air, etc., 278 ; astigmatism, glasses used for, 278 

 structural defect of the eye, as cataract, how treated, 278, 

 274; Helinholtz on optical Imperfections, 274; eyes of 

 new-born infants need care, 274; artificial light compared 

 with daylight in effect on the eyes, 274; some good ad- 



vice as to day and night work, 274; Mr. Carter's view as to 

 to colored glasses and their use, 2T4. 



Falkland Islands. Location and number, 274 ; great prog- 

 ress during the last ten years, 274 ; Imports, export*, pop- 

 ulation, 274 ; balance of trade largely in fevor of the col- 

 ony, 274, 275. 



fertilizers. Necessity of these in the older States, 275; 

 guano, phosphates, potash salts, and the like, indispensa- 

 ble, 275 ; largely used in the Atlantic and Middle States, 

 275 ; also In Southern and some Western States, 275; es- 

 timate, in tons, of commercial fertilizers used, 275; what 

 these are, 275 ; date of beginning of the trade in, 275 ; lie- 

 big's "Chemistry applied to Agriculture" very valuable 

 toward science of agriculture, 275 ; ingredients in ferti- 

 lizers, 275; nitrogen (ammonia), how and whence ob- 

 tained, 275; phosphoric acid, materials for, 275, 276; pot- 

 ash, chiefly from German potash salts, 276; present 

 sources, character, and prospective supply of commer- 

 cial fertilizers, 276 ; nitrate of soda, obtained from Tara- 

 paca, in Northern Chili, between the Andes and the 

 ocean, 276; vast deposits there, 276; first shipments in 

 1820 and 1880 ; Government allows only 4,500,000 tons to 

 be annually exported, 276; sulphate of ammonia, obtained 

 largely in the gas-manufacture, 276 ; animal refuse, as 

 dried blood, meat, and scraps, etc., obtained from slaugh- 

 ter-houses, 276 ; fish-scrap, fish-guano, refuse after ex- 

 tracting oil from menhaden fish, 276 ; process of manu- 

 facturing, 276 ; extent and value of this industry, 277 ; 

 Peruvian guano, great value as a fertilizer, what it is, 277 ; 

 early use in Peru, largely used in Europe and America 

 during the last forty to fifty years, 277 ; phosphatic guanos 

 and rock phosphates, obtained from some small islands in 

 the Pacific, 277 ; main supply now from the West Indies, 

 277 ; Great and Little Curacoa guano, Navassa Island 

 furnishes material for superphosphate manufacture, 'JTT ; 

 South Carolina phosphates, report of Professor Sncpard 

 respecting, 278; locality, character, how worked, 27s; 

 extent of the industry, 278 ; apatite, deposit* in Canada, 

 278 ; bone-manure, largely used, 278 ; how prepared, 

 278 ; potash and the German potash salts, 278 ; question 

 for years where potash wag to be obtained, 278 ; discovery 

 of deposits in the region of Btassmrt, Germany. 279; UM 

 almost universal In Germany, 278; use elsewhere, and 

 vast importance of Stassfurt fertilizers, 278; how first 

 brought into notice, 278, 279; great extent of the Indus- 

 try In sulphates, muriates, and kainite, 279 ; tabular state- 

 ment of the composition of various sorts of commercial 

 fertilizers, farm manures, and other fertilizing materials, 

 279, 280; average trade values, 280; expcrlmenta with 

 fertilizers in Georgia and Alabama, 280; composts with 

 cotton-seed and stable-manure, 2SO ; fertilizers for cot- 

 ton, Professor Stubba's experiments and conclusion*, 880 ; 

 numerous experiments In other States, 280, 881 ; experi- 

 ments for testing the needs of soil, 281 ; principle* on 

 which conducted, and conclusions reached, 281 ; Impor- 

 tant to agriculturists, 281 ; the feeding capacity of plants, 

 the nitrogen supply, 281 ; a special nitrogen experiment 

 devised, 2S1 ; relation of corn to the nitrogen supply, 

 881 ; formulas for corn, 2S1 ; Professor Atwater's sum 

 mary of the general result quoted, 888 ; practical applica- 

 tions derived from these experiments, 882 ; details as to 

 effects and cost of fertilizers, with reference to soil, sea- 

 son, feeding capacity of the crop, eUx, 888, 888 ; nature of 

 the soil and season Important In regard to the actto 

 manure, 288 ; feeding capacities of crops also to be looked 

 Into, 288; best fertilizers for corn and tor potatoes, 888; 

 general result, 888. 



