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INDEX OF CONTENTS. 



FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS. An American publisher and author, 

 born in Portsmouth, Now Hampshire, 288 ; member of 

 the firm of Ticknor & Fields, Boston, 1846; early liter- 

 ary efforts, visits to Europe, etc., 288, 284 ; active business 

 man, genial, pleasant writer, popular lecturer, upright, 

 honorable life, 284, 285; identified with Boston, 285; loss 

 to the community in his removal, 286. 



Finances of the United States. General prosperity of the 

 nation, 285 ; receipts and expenditures of the Govern- 

 ment, 285; surplus over $100,000,000, 285; tabular state- 

 ment showing assets and liabilities of United States Treas- 

 ury, January 1, 1881 and 1882, 285; increase in gold coin 

 and bullion held by the Treasury, 286 ; silver certificates, 

 286; value of silver dollars, 2S6; number coined, circula- 

 tion, etc., 286; anticipated result, 286 ; efforts to get other 

 nations to adopt a common ratio between gold and silver, 

 286 ; conference held in Paris, August, 1878, 286, 287 ; 

 propositions submitted, answer of English and French 

 delegates, no special result reached, 287 ; another confer- 

 ence held in Paris, April, 1881, 287 (see BI-METALLIO 

 STANDARD, pp. 60-65) ; substance of Germany's proposi- 

 tion on the question, 287, 288 ; views of the delegates from 

 Great Britain, 288; neither country in favor of United 

 States plan, 288 ; declaration of the delegates of France 

 and the United States, 289; conference adjourned to 

 April, 1882,289; result not satisfactory, 289; difliculties 

 and troubles as to coinage of silver dollars, 289 ; also, as 

 to having a single standard of gold, 289 ; use of checks, 

 2S9 ; estimate of percentages of receipts of coin, notes, 

 and checks in different cities, 289; very large use of 

 checks, less need of actual money for circulation, 289 ; the 

 $5,000,000 gold certificates, how used by the banks, 289, 

 290 ; further issue suspended, 290 ; objection to the issue 

 of these as well as silver certificates, 290 ; Government to 

 some extent doing business analogous to that of banking, 

 290 ; legal-tender notes and gold reserve in the Treasury, 

 290 ; Secretary Sherman's course, 290 ; question as to 

 reducing the reserve, 290 ; feeling against Government 

 banking, 290 ; amount of six per cent and five per cent 

 bonds redeemed during the year, 290 ; refunding bill 

 vetoed by the President, 290; apparent attack on the na- 

 tional banks, 290; provisions as to their reducing circula- 

 tion or going into liquidation, 290 ; provisions of the act of 

 June 20, 1874, 290; possibility of banks embarrassing the 

 Government, 290, 291 ; United States Treasurer's report 

 as to this matter, 291; important features of the bill 

 passed by Congress, 291 ; action of the banks and effect 

 on the money market, 291 ; the President's veto of the 

 bill, 291 ; additional reasons against such a law, 291, 292 ; 

 no further action by Congress, 292 ; clause in " Sundry 

 Civil" Bill, authorizing purchase or redemption of United 

 States bonds, 292; plan to meet exigency of the case, 

 292; Secretary Windom's letter to the American Bank- 

 ers' Association, August 8, 1881, quoted, 292, 293 ; suc- 

 cess of his plan and operations, 293 : tabular statement of 

 public debt of United States, 293 ; influx of foreign gold, 

 etc., 293; deposits at the mints and assay offices, 293; 

 estimate of production of gold and silver for the last two 

 years, 293 ; total coinage during the year, 294 ; new na- 

 tional banks, others discontinued, 294; losses to credit- 

 ors on the whole very small, 294 ; resources and liabili- 

 ties of the banks, 294 ; bank charters running out, and 

 renewals, 294; views of Comptroller of the Currency 

 quoted, 294, 295; taxes paid by the banks, dividends, etc., 

 295; national- bank reserves large, 295; value of foreign 

 commerce, 295 ; table showing value of imports and ex- 

 ports of merchandise with principal foreign countries and 

 their dependencies, 295, 296. 



Florida. Presidential vote, 296 ; election of United States 

 Senator, 296; list of laws enacted by the Legislature be- 



tween January 4th and March 4th, 296, 297 ; essential 

 portions of the act for the dissolution of municipal corpo- 

 rations, 297 ; act to enable settlers on State lands to obtain 

 titles thereto quoted, 297; Governor vetoed bill providing 

 for change of seat of government, 298; Chief- Justice 

 Eandall exonerated from charges of official misconduct, 

 298; act regulating practice of medicine, 298; report of 

 joint committee on indebtedness of Internal Improve- 

 ment Fund, 298 ; activity in sale of State lands, etc., 298 ; 

 number and customs of Indians in South Florida, 298 ; 

 effect of conviction for petit larceny on right of suffrage, 

 298; report of surveying expedition in South Florida, 

 298 ; value of merchandise transported on the Chatta- 

 hoochee Elver, 298, 299 ; appropriations for Florida in 

 Kiver and Harbor Bill of Congress, 299 ; table of acreage 

 and yield of cotton, 299 ; also of corn, 299 ; resolutions 

 adopted by a State Immigration Convention, 299, 800 ; 

 Atlantic and Gulf Coast Canal and Okechobee Land Com- 

 pany organized, 800 ; plans and expectations of the work 

 to be done, 800 ; progress of railroad-building, 800 ; Eng- 

 lish and Dutch capitalists engaged in Florida develop- 

 ment and improvement, 800 ; railroads already completed 

 and under way, 800 ; population of the State by counties 

 (white and colored), 300; estimated amount of mer- 

 chantable pine standing, 801 ; January and February 

 cold, 801 ; shipment of oranges, 801 ; table of orange sta- 

 tistics, 301 ; probable increase during next five years, 801. 



FOGG, GEORGE GILMAN. An American journalist and public 

 man, biographical notice of, 301, 802. 



FOLGER, C. J., of New York, appointed Secretary of the 

 Treasury, 196. 



FORNEY, JOHN W. An American journalist and public offi- 

 cer, biographical notice of, 802, 308. 



Fossil Birds. Earliest trace of a fossil bird, described by H. 

 von Meyer, 808 ; apparently allied to reptiles more than 

 birds, 303; some specimens of avian fossils found in 

 England, 303 ; discoveries in the uninhabited West of the 

 United States, 303, 304; group of toothed birds, value to 

 science, 304; further discoveries, tending to bridge the 

 gap between birds and reptiles, 304 ; Professor Marsh's 

 valuable publication. 304; specimens preserved in the 

 Peabody Museum, Tale College, arranged under eight 

 genera and twenty species, 304; geological periods of 

 bird remains, 804 ; localities and varieties of type, 804. 



France, Republic of. Legislature, two Houses, Chamber of 

 Deputies and Senate, 304 ; election of deputies and sena- 

 tors, 305; their expenses, 805; meeting of the Chambers, 

 805 ; powers of the two Houses, 305 ; election of President, 

 805; his powers, 805 ; members of the Cabinet, 305; De- 

 partment of Worship, 305 ; M. Paul Bert elected minister, 

 805 ; new portfolios of Agriculture and Fine Arts, 306 ; du- 

 ties of the respective ministers, 806 ; area of France, 806; 

 movement of population, 306 ; relation of marriage to the 

 total population, 306 ; budget estimates, 806; public debt, 

 806 ; new army, 307 ; the navy. 307 ; the foreign trade, 

 807 ; sources of the imports and destinations of the ex- 

 ports for 1880, 807 ; the wine interests, 807; the principal 

 articles of import and export for 1880, 308; length of rail- 

 ways in operation, 308; statistics of telegraphs, 808; 

 latest postal statistics, 808 ; merchants' shipping bill as 

 adopted, 808 : number of authorized savings-banks, 309 ; 

 area and population of the French colonies and protected 

 countries, 309; opening of both Houses, 309; election of 

 officers, 309 ; Leon Say elected President of the Senate, 

 809 ; Gambetta elected President of the Chamber of 

 Deputies, 309 ; extract from his speech on the occasion, 

 809 ; treaty concluded between France and Tunis, 810; 

 its details, 310 ; administration of affairs in Algeria, 810 ; 

 area and population of Algeria, 310: classification of pop- 

 ulation, 810; financial estimates, 310; commerce and 



