INDEX OF CONTENTS. 



901 



tion of counties, 706 ; State asylums for defectives, TOC ; 

 the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company's opera- 

 tions, 706; other railroads, 706, 707 ; population by coun- 

 ties, 707. 



Overcomera. New sect of Christians, 707 ; origin and doc- 

 trines, 707 ; congregations founded, 707. 



Oyster-Beds, Deterioration of. Failure of Northern natu- 

 ral beds, 707 ; decline of Southern, 708 ; examination of 

 Chesapeake beds, 708; Tangier and Pocomoke Sound 

 beds, 70S; natural process of extension, 70S; natural 

 causes of decay, 708 ; mode of dredging and its effects, 

 708; extends the beds and diminishes their fecundity, 

 709 ; condition of undisturbed beds, 709 ; proportion of 

 young to old oysters, 710 ; destructive action of the 

 dredges, 710 ; evidences of the decline of the Chesapeake 

 beds, 710 ; estimate of the diminution caused by dredg- 

 ing, 710 ; the signs of deterioration in oyster-beds, 710 ; 

 exhaustion of French beds, 711; life-conditions of the 

 oyster, 711 ; its anatomy, 711 ; the European and Amer- 

 ican varieties, 711 ; manner of propagation, 712 ; spat 

 and cultch, 712 ; European variety hermaphrodite, 712 ; 

 fertilization of the American variety, 712; conditions 

 of growth, 712 ; estimated fecundity and development of 

 the European variety, 712. 713 ; fecundity of the Ameri- 

 can variety, 713 ; proportion maturing, 713 ; French pro- 

 tective measures, 713; evidences of deterioration of oys- 

 ter-beds, 718 ; methods proposed for the care and pres- 

 ervation of American beds, 713, 714. 



Panama Canal. First meeting of the Interoceanic Canal 

 Company, 714; subscriptions for the stock, 714; com- 

 mencement of the work, 714 ; surveys and experimental 

 borings, 714; estimated total cost, 714; arrival of the en- 

 gineers, 714; favorable surveys, 715; engineer's report, 

 715; the workmen, 715 ; purchase of the Panama Rail- 

 road, 715 ; political questions, 715-721 ; relations of the 

 Colombian Government to the canal, 715, 716; text of the 

 old treaty with the United States, 716; substance of the 

 Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 716, 717; Crapo resolution in the 

 House of Representatives, 717; report of the Committee 

 on Foreign Affairs, 717 ; negotiations with the Colombian 

 Government for right of the United States to fortify the 

 entrance to the canal, 717, 718; Secretary Elaine's circu- 

 lar letter, 713 ; English criticism of the American position, 

 718, 719 ; proposal to England to modify the Clayton- 

 Bulwer treaty, 719 ; reasons advanced for the American 

 right to control the canal, 719, 720; draft of modifica- 

 tions proposed, 720 ; President Arthur's message on the 

 Panama Canal, 721 ; argument of Lord Granville, 721 ; 

 answer to Blaine's proposition, 721, 722; Granville's sec- 

 ond note, 722; history of the Monroe doctrine, 722, 723; 

 Canning's proposition, 723 ; declaration in President 

 Monroe's message, 723. 



Paraguay. Population, 724; disparity of tho sexes, 724; 

 members of the Government, 724; revenue and expendi- 

 tures, 724; debt, 724; commerce, 724; public affairs, 724, 

 725. 



PATTERSON, ROBERT. American general, 725; life and serv- 

 ices, 725, 726; In the War of 1812, 728 ; in the Mexican 

 War, 725; in the War of tho Rebellion, 725, 72C. 



PEMBERTON, Jonx C. American general, 726; military serv- 

 ices, 726 ; in the Confederate army, 726. 



Pennsyl<rania.-Thc Legislature, 726; contest over the son- 

 atorship, 726, 727; law abolishing tho color-line In tho 

 public schools, 727; State finances, 727; Insurance ^re- 

 port, 727; the assessment life-insurance system, 7'J7, 

 728; financial results of mutual Insurance, 72S; Ptnto 

 Institutions, 72S ; public schools, 723; local Indebtedness, 



723, 729; population of cities, T29; Iron and steel prod- 

 uct, 729; other products, 729; Republican Convention 

 and platform, 7'.'9, 780 ; Democratic Convention and 

 platform, 730; Greenback Convention and declarations, 

 730; election, 730; organization of the Citizens' Republi- 

 can Association, 730 ; population by counties, 780. 



Persia. Statistics, 730; finances, 780 ; Kurdish inroads, 780; 

 dynastic question, 731, 782; railroad projects, 782; Rus- 

 sian and British rivalry, 782; Russian expansion, 7SJ, 

 738 ; suppression of the Tekke Turkoman roan-stealing 

 practices, 733; their mode of operation, 78?; description 

 of the Persian army, 733; Persian army, how raised, 734; 

 conscription unequal and bad, 734; character of the 

 troops, dress, armor, etc., 784; number under arms, 784 

 pay, rations, occupation, 784. 



Peru, Republic (/.Legislature, Senate, and House of Rep- 

 resentatives, 734; President and Vice-President, 784; 

 Dictator Pierola, 734; provisional President, F. Calderon, 

 and Cabinet, 734; government broken up and country 

 subdued by Chili, 734, 735 ; army and navy destroyed, 

 735; revenues and expenditures, 785; revenue whence 

 derived, 735; national debt, 785; bonds for foreign loans 

 quoted very low, 735; course of tho Chilian Government, 

 785; customs duties on imports and exports, 785; decree 

 of the admiral and general-in-chief of the army of Chill, 

 785, 736; duties on imports, payment of duties, etc., 783, 

 .736; Peruvian commerce very low, tabular statement as 

 to imports and exports to and from Great Britain, 786 i 

 quantities and values of guano shipments and exports of 

 nitrate of soda (1&80-1879), 786, 787; railroads in Peru. 

 737; Chilian campaign against Peru, 787; victories of the 

 Chilians at Curuyaco and Chorillos, 787; surrender of 

 Lima and Callao, 737; course of Pierola, Peruvian Dicta- 

 tor, 787, 738; purpose of Chili in this war, ~8* ; failure of 

 Calderon's provisional government scheme, 78S; declara- 

 tion of Chilian Minister of Foreign Affairs, 78S; American 

 envoys, 738; Bolivia's inexplicable conduct, 783. 



Pent, Chili, and the United States. Failure of the peace con- 

 ference, October, 1SSO, subsequent course, 7*> ; t'nit.-d 

 States Minister recognizes the provisional government of 

 Calderon, 738; Minister Hurlbut to the Chilian Gem ml 

 Lynch, 739 ; Chilian protests against the aggressive tone 

 and substance of the memorandum, 789; Minister KU- 

 patrick's reply, 740; Blaine's dispatch recognizing the 

 Calderon Government, 740; dispatch to Hurlbut on condi- 

 tions of peace and the American mediation, 740, 741 ; dis- 

 patch to Kllpatrick on the same subjects, 741, 74J; Prod- 

 dent Arthur's message on relations with the belligerent 

 republics, 742; Special Envoy Trescott's mission, 742 ; 

 dispatch reprehending Hurlbut, and stating the position 

 Of the United States, 742, 748; dl.paU-h reproving Kll- 

 patrick for collision with Hurlbut, 748, 744; Hurlbut's 

 declaration of tho attitude of the United States atter the 

 arrest of Calderon, 744 ; letter of In.tructlons to Special 

 Envoy Trcscott, 744-746 ; dispatch to Twscott , 

 fercnce of republics. 744 ; Secretary Frellnghuysen's In- 

 Btroctlons to Trescott, 746, 7T ; l,-tl.-r 1< th- n i-roscnta- 

 ttve of Chill In relation to tho arrwt of Calderon, TIT: 

 letter of Instructions to Trcscott, 747. 



Plu>tograi>fiy, Tmi>r,>rrwtnt< in. -Description of the dry 

 process of photography, 747. 



r , ty , ; , '._I,x-a!lzatlon of cerebral functions, 748; 



pulsation In the capillary win*, 748 ; extensile and con- 

 tractile action of the capillaries, 748, 74; dxrnlstry of 

 digestion, 740, 7M; lyniop-n. 749 ; pepdn and pepsin 

 gen, 749; tho gastric-run -i>t. 7W ; ftincdon of tflyofta 

 In tho liver, ~' \ morphological characteristics of blood 

 elements, 7.M ; physiological action and functions of UM 

 spleen 7M : rh.-mWry of amnlr-potiwilne. 7M ; com- 

 parlson of the delteacy of sight and touch, TM, T5t; 



