PREFACE. 



THE volume of this work for 1882 is the seventh of the new series and the 

 twenty-second of the whole series. It has grown in size to meet the rapidly in- 

 creasing activity in human affairs, and to present the interesting public questions 

 and scientific developments which have arisen, and the discussions of their prin- 

 ciples. 



A special article is devoted to each State of the United States and generally 

 to each country of the world, which contains a sketch of its history during the 

 year, the administration of its government, and its legislation ; full and official 

 information is given of its area, population, education, military and naval force, 

 commerce, finances, productions, statistics, public men, and the public questions 

 agitated, and reforms effected. No efforts are spared to secure the fullest infor- 

 mation from all parts of the world, and it is considered that in its several depart- 

 ments the work may be safely consulted as the completest and most reliable 

 book of reference. At the same time its record of progress in the various de- 

 partments of science and useful practical knowledge will be found most valuable 

 and unsurpassed. 



In this volume are fully presented the details on the great question agitating 

 the country, " The Protection of American Industry," in the " Debates of Con- 

 gress " ; the " Tariff Revision Commission " ; an analysis of the " Manufactures 

 of the United States " ; the " Occupations of the Various Classes of Population 

 as shown by the Census " ; the revenues from taxation and the duties on im- 

 ports, as shown in the " Finances of the United States," by Kussel A. Bay- 

 ley, of the Treasury Department, which contains results not before put in print. 

 Also the articles " on the Commerce and Finances " of the country ; the revival 

 of " The Merchant Marine Service," with others valuable and important, bear 

 upon the same subject. 



The reports of the census, showing the marvelous strides of the country, are 

 collated in articles on the " Cereal and Coal Products " ; the " Cotton Crop and 

 its Special Manufactures " ; the " Farms and Live-Stock " of the country ; the 

 vast extent of the " Fisheries of the Coast-line States " ; " Forestry and the 

 Question of the Conservation of the Forests " ; the results of the " Investigation of 

 the Lung-Plague in Cattle " ; statistics of " Education and Illiteracy," to which 

 is added the educational measures in European nations ; " Details of the Criminal 

 Jurisprudence of the States " ; the " Railroads," the " Telegraphs," and the 

 " Telephones " of the United States ; the " Indebtedness of the United States," 

 "National," "State," "County," and "Municipal," and the "Public Debts of 



