12 ALPS, TUNNELS OF THE. 



ANGLICAN CHURCHES. 



the St. Gothard, and 25 kilometres shorter 

 than by way of Mont Cenis. 



One of the results of the St. Gothard Tunnel 

 is the opening of the new railroad from Novara 

 to Pino, the most direct route between the St. 

 Gothard and Rome. The Milan line ascends 

 the Monte Ceneri at Giubiasco, a village below 

 Bellinzona, while another railroad branches off 

 to the right to Locarno, passing through the 

 swampy delta where the Ticino empties into 

 the Lago Maggiore. At the first station of this 

 road, at Cadenazzo, another road branches off, 

 which, passing along the left bank of the lake, 



4 Q^ (I St.Jeanofthe 



"~ JS - Mauricnne 



PROPOSED TUNNELS OF THB ALPS. 



leads to Pino. Here it connects with the Ital- 

 ian road, which, after passing to Sesto by way 

 of Luvino, crosses the Ticino, which leaves the 

 lake at that point, and then after crossing the 

 railroad from Arona to Milan passes on to No- 

 vara and there connects with che roads to Tu- 

 rin and Genoa. The entire line from Pino to 

 Novara is forty-one miles long, and passes 

 through eighteen tunnels, which together have 

 a length of eight and a quarter miles. 

 Another plan to preserve for French roads 



the through commerce from England to the 

 Mediterranean, and which has been brought 

 forward very recently, is to build a new and 

 direct line from Calais to Marseilles. Among 

 the promoters of this new line are M. Roth- 

 schild and a number of deputies. The line after 

 leaving Calais would touch Boulogne and Ab- 

 beville, then leaving the Railroad of the North, 

 which from Abbeville extends on to Amiens, it 

 would go direct to Paris by way of Beauvais 

 and Pontoise. From Paris it is to pass by way 

 of Nevers to Lyons, and from there would fol- 

 low the line from Paris to the Mediterranean, 

 to Avignon, and Marseilles. This 

 great line would make several im- 

 portant connections, as follow : 

 with Dijon, Lausanne, Geneva, 

 and Italy by way of D61e and Po- 

 ligny; with St. Etienne ; with 

 Clermont-Ferrand; and with Cette. 

 These connections bring the new 

 line in direct communication with 

 the different lines of the great 

 French companies, and with the 

 Swiss and Italian railroads. In 

 addition, all local roads which 

 could be joined with the main line 

 or its branches would be ceded to 

 this company. (See ENGINEERING.) 

 ANGLICAN CHURCHES. 

 The history of the Church of 

 England during 1882 was marked 

 by continued agitation respecting 

 questions of ritual, and the right 

 of clergymen to obey in respect 

 to them the monitions of their 

 consciences, as opposed to the 

 decrees of the secular power ; by 

 the progress of movements seek- 

 ing to reform the system of pa- 

 tronage ; and by continued activ- 

 ity on the part of the advocates 

 of disestablishment and disendow- 

 ment. 



A return issued by the House of 

 Lords shows that there were in 

 the province of Canterbury, in 

 1880, 4,371 stipendiary curates, 

 and in the province of York, 1,269, 

 making a total, in England and 

 Wales, of 5,640. 



A statistical table, published in 

 the " Church Times," gives the 

 total number of confirmations in 

 the two ecclesiastical provinces, 

 during 1881, as 176,464; of these, 105,910 were 

 of girls and women, and 70,554 of boys and men. 

 The largest number of confirmations in any 

 one diocese was 15,525, in that of London; 

 the next largest, 15,183, in that of Manchester ; 

 and the third largest, 11,517, in the diocese of 

 Lichfield. 



CONDITION OF CATHEDRAL CHURCHES. The 

 Royal Commissioners for inquiring into the 

 condition of cathedral churches in England and 

 Wales stated in their first report that they had 



