50 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



Conservatives. The ground of common action 

 is not strictly the political question, but the na- 

 tional question. So in the ranks of theCentraliscs 

 are Conservatives whose alliance with the Lib- 

 erals rests only on their aversion to federalism. 



The same observation may be made relative 

 to another division of parties the " Constitu- 

 tionalists," who are Centralists or Liberals, and 

 the "Anti-constitutionalists," who are Fed- 

 eralists or Conservatives. But the truth is, 

 that there are partisans and opponents of the 

 Constitution in the ranks of the Liberals as 

 well as of the Conservatives. 



The Centralists or Liberals are likewise desig- 

 nated as "the Right," and the Autonomists or 

 Conservatives as " the Left." Here were lately 

 found all the distinctions of the French Lower 

 House as Left, Left Center, Extreme Left, 

 Right, Right Center, Extreme Right. Ordi- 

 narily there are different degrees of the lib- 

 eral and conservative scale, but the space and 

 duration of these are essentially variable. Ac- 

 cidental rather than permanent distinctions pro- 

 duce fluctuations in the liberal or conservative 

 policy, and are founded more often on diver- 

 gence of tactics than disagreement in principle. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, an empire of Cen- 

 tral Europe composed of the federated king- 

 doms of Austria and Hungary, which were 

 definitely organized as separate states in 1867. 

 Both crowns are hereditary in the Hapsburg 

 family. The Emperor, Francis Joseph, born 

 August 18, 1830, succeeded his uncle, Ferdi- 

 nand I, who abdicated in 1843. The heir-ap- 

 parent is the Archduke Rudolf, the Emperor's 

 only son, who was born August 21, 1858. 

 Common affairs, relating to the common army 

 and navy and foreign policy, are referred to 

 delegations of deputies from the two Parlia- 

 ments, to which the Common Ministers are 

 responsible. The Common Ministers at pres- 

 ent are: Count Kalnoky, who succeeded the 

 late Baron Haymerle as Minister of Foreign 

 Affairs in November, 1881 ; Lieutenant Field- 

 Marshal Count Bylandt-Rheydt, appointed Min- 

 ister of Wai- in 1876 ; Baron von Kallay, Min- 

 ister of Finance, appointed after the resignation 

 of Baron Szlavy in May. 



The Austrian Ministers are : Count Taafe, 

 President and Minister of the Interior ; General 

 Count Welsersheimb, Defense; F. Ziemialkow- 

 ski, without a portfolio; Count Falkenhayn, 

 Agriculture; Baron Eybesfeld, Education; Dr. 

 Dunajewski, Finance ; Baron Friedenthal, 

 Commerce ; A. Prazak, Justice. 



The Hungarian Ministers are : Tisza, Presi- 

 dent ; Baron B. Orczy, Minister of the Court ; 

 A. de Trefort, Education; Baron Orczy, De- 

 fense ; Baron Kemeny, Agriculture and Com- 

 merce, and ad interim of Public Works; B. de 

 Komor, of Croatia-Slav onia; Dr. Pauler, Jus- 

 tice; Count Szapary, Finance. 



STATISTICS.-- The area and population of the 

 two monarchies and of their provinces, accord- 

 ing to the census of December 81, 1880, were 

 as follow : 



The number of inhabitants to the square 

 mile is 159 for the whole empire. The pop- 

 ulation of Austria has increased only 8*4 per 

 cent since the census of 1869 ; and that of 

 Hungary has remained almost stationary, the 

 increase being but 1-8 per cent. This is chiefly 

 owing to a high rate of mortality. The Ger- 

 mans constituted 38 per cent of the population 

 of the German or Cisleithan part of the em- 

 pire, and 20 per cent in the Hungarian or Trans- 

 leithan part. The Slavonian races predomi- 

 nate, forming 49 per cent of the population of 

 Austria and 16 per cent of that of the Hunga- 

 rian dominions. The Magyars constitute 58 

 per cent of the Hungarian population. They 

 form no appreciable proportion of the popula- 

 tion of Cisleithania. The population of Vienna 

 is 705,402, against 607,514 in 1869 ; but includ- 

 ing the suburbs it numbers about 1,300,000 

 inhabitants. Of the other principal towns of 

 German Austria, Prague contains 162,318 in- 

 habitants; Trieste, 144,437; Lemberg, 110,250; 

 Gratz, 97,727; Briinn, 82,665; and Cracow, 

 66,095. Of the Hungarian cities, Buda-Pesth 

 has 359,821 inhabitants; Szegedin, 50,983; 

 Holdmezo-Vasarhely, 74,094; and Maria-The- 

 resiopel, 61,655. Two thirds of the population 

 of Hungary are engaged in agriculture, but the 

 proportion is diminishing and the relative popu- 

 lation of the towns increasing. The density of 

 population in Hungary is 125 per square mile, 

 against 191 in the Austrian dominions. The 

 percentage of the population adhering to each 

 of the various religious denominations is as 

 follows: 



