AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



put forth her utmost military strength. The 

 Hungarians have long demanded a Magyar 

 army of the line, as they carried through the 

 scheme of a Magyar militia. The alien mili- 

 tary system has never been accepted by the 

 majority of the Austrian subjects. When the 

 common army has been split up into a number 

 of little national armies it may be more efficient 

 to fulfill the destinies of the reorganized em- 

 pire, but the corps of German officers, who 

 have ably conducted the present system, will 

 no longer exist, and the central government 

 will have lost one of its main props. The re- 

 organized army of the line consists of 102 regi- 

 ments, of four battalions each. This enables 

 every regiment to mobilize one battalion of full 

 strength without calling upon the reserves. 

 One battalion of each regiment will be de- 

 tached, the same as in France ; but the bulk 

 of the regiment will remain in the recruiting 

 district, with its reserves ready to fall in at 

 short notice, instead of having to be called in 

 from some distant garrison. The fourth bat- 

 talions of thirty-four regiments make up the 

 army of occupation in Bosnia. The whole 

 army will be organized in fifteen corps, each in 

 its recruiting district, with the artillery, engi- 

 neers, and all the auxiliary services, so that 

 each corps can be mobilized independently, 

 under the directions of the War Department. 

 The division is carried still higher into three 

 army commands, in Vienna, Buda-Pesth, and 

 Prague. 



COMMERCE. The total exports of the em- 

 pire, except the province of Dalmatia, which 

 is not included in the imperial customs bound- 

 ary, amounted in 1879 to 675,100,000 florins 

 (the florin, or gulden, is a little less than fifty 

 cents); the imports to 551,400,000 florins. 

 Nearly two thirds of the foreign trade is with 

 Germany ; of the rest the largest share is with 

 Turkey, Italy and Russia following next, but 

 at a long distance. 



AUSTRIAN GOVERNMENT. The Austrian mon- 

 archy has a central and local Legislature. The 

 Provincial Diets are competent to deal with 

 matters of local administration, particularly 

 those relating to the cultivation of the soil, 

 and to educational, ecclesiastical, and charit- 

 able institutions, and are empowered to levy 

 taxes for these purposes. The central body is 

 the Reichsrath or Council of the Empire. (The 

 system of representation in Austria is explained 

 in AUSTRIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM.) The min- 

 istry, which is responsible to the two Houses 

 of the Reichsrath, is composed as follows: 

 Minister of the Interior and President of the 

 Council, Count Eduard Taafe ; Minister of Ed- 

 ucation, Justice, and Worship, Baron Eybes- 

 feld ; Minister of Finance, Dr. J. Dunajevski ; 

 Minister of Agriculture, Count Julius Falken- 

 hayn ; Minister of Commerce, Chevalier Ker- 

 mer d'Auenrode; Minister of National De- 

 fense, or of the Militia, Major-General von 

 Welsersheimb. 



HUNGARIAN GOVERNMENT. The Constitu- 



tion of the Hungarian monarchy, consisting of 

 fundamental statutes running back to the 

 Golden Bull of Andrew II granted in 1222, 

 was restored in 1867. There is only one Legis- 

 lature, elected by the equal votes of all citi- 

 zens who pay direct taxes to the amount of 

 eight florins annually. The ministry is com- 

 posed as follows : President of the Council, 

 Koloman Tisza, who has charge of the Depart- 

 ment of the Interior ; Minister of National De- 

 fense, or of the Honved, Bela Szende de Ker- 

 esztes; Minister Adlatus to the King, Baron 

 Bela d'Orczy ; Minister of Education and Pub- 

 lic Worship, Dr. August de Trefort ; Minister 

 of Justice, Dr. Theodor Pauler; Minister of 

 Public Works and Communications, Thomas 

 Pechy; Minister for Croatia and Slavonia, 

 Count Bedekovitch ; Minister of Agriculture, 

 Industry, and Commerce, Baron Kemeny. 



FINANCES. The imperial budget for 1883 

 places the total expenditures at 117,910,763 

 florins, against 117,148,549 florins in 1882. In 

 the estimates for 1883 102,800,821 florins come 

 under the head of ordinary and 8,774,621 of 

 extraordinary military expenditures. Deduct- 

 ing the balance in hand, and the surplus of the 

 customs revenue over the charges, there re- 

 main 99,991,763 florins to be voted by the 

 Parliaments. The extraordinary demand for 

 the cost of the military occupation is only 

 8,988,000 florins. The sums granted for ex- 

 traordinary military expenses in the occupied 

 provinces and the Crivoscie for 1882 were, 

 6,177,500 before the outbreak of the insurrec- 

 tion, and then 8,000,000 florins, and again in 

 April 21,700,000 florins, being 2,000,000 florins 

 less than were asked for; total, 35,877,500 

 florins. The gross revenue from customs is 

 estimated at 45,269,225 florins, from which are 

 to be deducted 1,850,000 florins for cost of 

 collection, 600,000 florins as the fixed share 

 assigned to Bosnia, and 28,149,000 for restitu- 

 tion of the excise duty on beer, spirits, and 

 sugar exported. This export trade has so in- 

 creased that an actual deficiency in the net 

 customs revenue was anticipated, but under 

 the operation of a revised tariff it has probably 

 been averted. 



Hungarian finances are suffering from a 

 chronic deficiency. The deficit in the ordinary 

 expenditure and revenue in 1875 amounted to 

 26,800,000 florins. This has been greatly re- 

 duced, and the greater part of the recent defi- 

 cits are due to extraordinary expenditures on 

 permanent public works, such as railroads and 

 the protection of river-banks. The Govern- 

 ment are constantly occupied with the prob- 

 lem of making them disappear. Although the 

 debt is increasing, the credit of the Govern- 

 ment has improved. The old six per cent 

 debt is being converted at a lower interest. 



The Hungarian final estimates for 1882 fixed 

 the total ordinary expenses at 288,306,313 

 florins; transitory expenses at 3,502,447; in- 

 vestments, among them the Pesth and Bel- 

 grade Railroad, at 29,211,311 florins; extraor- 



