BARNARD, JOHN G. 



BEER. 



65 



five delegates were present, representing 140 

 churches and 2,800 members, all the result of 

 a mission which was begun under American 

 auspices in 1834. The publishing business of 

 the convention was represented as being in a 

 flourishing condition. Six thousand dollars 

 had been raised during the past three years 

 for the theological school. The convention 

 resolved to celebrate the semi-centennial anni- 

 versary of the mission in 1884, by establishing 

 a fund for invalid preachers. 



BARNARD, JOHN GROSS, born in Shef- 

 field, Mass., May 19, 1815; died at Detroit, 

 Mich., May 16, 1882. General Barnard re- 

 ceived a good rudimentary education, and at 

 the age of fourteen was admitted as a cadet in 

 the United States Military Academy at West 

 Point. After graduating he was brevetted sec- 

 ond-lieutenant of the Corps of Engineers, and 

 soon was sent to the Gulf coast, where, as as- 

 sistant and principal engineer, he was engaged 

 on the fortifications of Pensacola and New Or- 

 leans. He was also employed on various har- 

 bor improvements until the war with Mexico 

 called him to active service. He superintend- 

 ed the construction of the defenses of Tampico, 

 and surveyed the battle-fields about the city of 

 Mexico. For his " meritorious conduct while 

 serving in the enemy's country," he was bre- 

 vetted major on May 30, 1848. Two years 

 after he was appointed chief of a scientific 

 commission to survey the Isthmus of Tehuan- 

 tepec, with a view to the construction of a rail- 

 road across it. He was next employed in im- 

 proving the mouths of the Mississippi River. 

 He was superintendent of the United States 

 Military Academy from 1855 to 1856, and then 

 was in charge of the fortifications of New 

 York Harbor. 



At the outbreak of the war General Barnard 

 served as chief-engineer of the Department of 

 Washington from April to July, 1861, and 

 then as chief-engineer to General McDowell in 

 the first Bull Run campaign. Next, with the 

 rank of brigadier-general, he acted as chief- 

 engineer to the Army of the Potomac in the 

 Virginia peninsular campaign of 1862. When 

 the Confederate army invaded Eastern Vir- 

 ginia, he was appointed chief-engineer of the 

 defenses of Washington, D. 0. In January, 

 1864, he was appointed chief-engineer, and was 

 on the staff of General Grant in the Richmond 

 campaign. At the end of the war he was 

 made brevet major-general, United States 

 Army, " for gallant and meritorious services in 

 the field," and soon promoted colonel in the 

 Corps of Engineers. The President nominated 

 him, on the death of General Totten, to suc- 

 ceed the latter as brigadier-general and chief 

 of engineers in April, 1864; but, at General 

 Barnard's request, the nomination was with- 

 drawn before the Senate had taken any action 

 on it. He was made a member of the Joint 

 Board of Army and Navy Officers on Harbor 

 Defenses, Torpedoes, etc., and served as senior 

 member of the Board of Engineers for Per- 

 VOL. xxii. 5 A 



manent Fortifications, and also as a member of 

 the United States Light-house Board. General 

 Barnard was not only a brave soldier, but an 

 eminent scientist and author. He wrote a 

 number of valuable works, among which are : 

 " Survey of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec," 

 1852 ; " Phenomena of the Gyroscope," 1858 ; 

 " Dangers and Defenses of New York," 1859 ; 

 " Notes on Sea-coast Defense," 1861 ; " The 

 Confederate States of America and the Battle 

 of Bull Run," 1862 ; " Reports of the Engineer 

 and Artillery Operations of the Army of the 

 Potomac," 1863; "Eulogy on General Tot- 

 ten," 1866 ; and many scientific and military 

 memoirs and reports. The University of Ala- 

 bama conferred on him the degree of A. M. in 

 1838, and in 1864 he was made LL. D. of Yale 

 College. He was also a corporator of the 

 National Academy of Sciences. 



BEER. According to recent statistics, the 

 total annual production of beer is, in round 

 numbers, 3,675,000,000 gallons. The countries 

 producing the greatest amount of beer are as 

 follows : 



The greatest amount of beer consumed per 

 head of population is in Bavaria and Wiirtem- 

 berg; then come England, Belgium, Saxony, 

 Austria, United States. In Austro-Hungary 

 the beer-tax amounted to $10,000,000 in 1881, 

 and in Germany to $4,500,000. 



A new beer-tax went into operation in Great 

 Britain on October 1, 1880. While the tax 

 was formerly imposed on the amount of the 

 grain used, it is now estimated on the specific 

 gravity of the unfermented beer, called wort, 

 in such a manner that a tax of 6s. 3d. is im- 

 posed on every barrel of thirty-six gallons, of 

 a specific gravity of 10'57. Heavier or lighter 

 beers are to be taxed more or less pro rata. 

 Besides this tax, every brewer must pay 1 

 per annum for a license. Brewers are per- 

 mitted to use any materials they see fit. On 

 beer which is exported the tax is remitted. 

 The brewing for private use is not taxed, pro- 

 vided the annual rent of such private brewer, 

 or its estimated value, does not exceed 15. 

 Beer brewed under this condition can not be 

 sold. The only charge put on a private brew- 

 er is an annual license-fee of 6*. The report 

 for the first year of the new tax, from Octo- 

 ber 1, 1880, to September 30, 1881, showed 

 that there were 17,110 brewers in the United 

 Kingdom, who paid taxes to the amount of 

 8,498,044, 2*. 5d. It appeared from the re- 



