COAL, BITUMINOUS, PRODUCTION OF. 



103 



til 1848, when he resigned, to resume his prac- 

 tice. In 1853 he was elected to the United 

 States Senate from Alabama. As a Senator 

 he regarded himself as the envoy of a sovereign 

 State to the council of the nation, and lost no 

 opportunity of asserting the rights of that State 

 as defined by Mr. Calhoun and other Southern 

 statesmen. His course in the Senate was fully 

 approved by his constituents, and in 1857 he 

 was re-elected for a second term of six years 

 by a unanimous vote of the Legislature. Re- 

 turning with this unqualified indorsement, he 

 renewed his efforts in behalf of his State, and was 

 among the boldest champions of State rights. 



When the invasion of these rights was com- 

 menced with military force, as viewed by the 

 Southern States, and the Confederate States 

 Government was sorely pressed by its assail- 

 ants, Mr. Clay, who had been a member of the 

 Confederate Congress, was selected by Presi- 

 dent Davis as an agent for the purpose of per- 

 forming some important secret service, in con- 

 nection with Jacob Thompson, on the North- 

 ern frontier of the United States. In May, 

 1865, at the close of the war, a reward was 

 offered by President Johnson for the arrest of 

 Mr. Clay, hearing of which he came forward 

 and surrendered to the United States officer 

 commanding at Macon, Georgia. He was 

 shortly afterward taken as a prisoner to For- 

 tress Monroe, and assigned a casement on the 

 same floor with the late President Davis. Mr. 

 Clay was detained at Fortress Monroe until 

 April, 1866, when he was released on his pa- 

 role, by the conditions of which he was allowed 

 to go anywhere in the United States on private 

 business, but was to make the State of Alabama 

 his residence, and hold himself in readiness to 

 obey at any time any summons made upon him 

 by the Government of the United States. 



COAL, BITUMINOUS, PRODUCTION OF, IN 

 THE UNITED STATES, DURING THE YEAR END- 

 ING JUNE 1, 1880. 



I. The census returns give statistics drawn 

 from eighteen States east of the one hundredth 

 meridian, viz., Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, 

 Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, 

 Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, 

 North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ten- 

 nessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Three 

 hundred and fourteen counties are specified, of 

 which forty-nine are in Kentucky, forty- six 

 in Illinois, thirty-five in Missouri, thirty in 

 Ohio, twenty-nine in Pennsylvania, and twenty- 

 eight in West Virginia. 



1. Number of establishments, 2,943, of which 

 Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Illinois furnish the 

 largest number (Pennsylvania, 666 ; Ohio, 

 618; Illinois, 590=1,874). 



2. Capital employed and invested in estab- 

 lishments, $90,000,000, of which Pennsylvania 

 furnishes nearly $40,000,000. Irregular work- 

 ings are rated at about $3,500,000. 



3. Total product, 40,940,028 tons, of which 

 Pennsylvania yields 18,425,163 tons, Illinois 

 and Ohio over 6,000,000 tons each. 



4. Value of total product at mines, $49,733,- 

 603, of which Pennsylvania obtains $18,567,- 

 129, Illinois nearly $9,000,000, and Ohio nearly 

 $8,000,000. 



5. Total number of men and boys employed, 

 96,475: of these Pennsylvania employs 33,- 

 248 ; Ohio, 16,331 ; and Illinois, 17,307. The 

 working-time is here taken to consist of 

 twelve months, of twenty-five working days 

 each. 



6. Wages paid to all classes of labor, $30,- 

 707.059, of which Pennsylvania pays nearly 

 $11,000,000; and Ohio and Illinois $5,000,000 

 and $6,000,000 each. 



7. Steam-engines used, 812. Value of these 

 and other machinery, $2,403,211. 



8. Value of real estate, $90,000,000: in 

 Pennsylvania, $27,152,403; Maryland, $11,- 

 387,000; Ohio, $8,529,931; Illinois, $6,100,- 

 460 ; and West Virginia, $3,597,259. 



9. Acres of available coal-lands attached to 

 working establishments, 410,642: being, in 

 Pennsylvania, 118,311; in Ohio, 58,639; in 

 Illinois, 55,061 ; in West Virginia, 46,659 ; in 

 Kentucky, 34,635 ; in Tennessee, 23,743. 



10. Tons raised yearly per man, on average, 

 431-53. Maryland gives the largest, 651*23 ; 

 Pennsylvania next, 560-14 ; Tennessee, 487*90 ; 

 West Virginia, 407'82; Illinois, 385-64; Ohio, 

 373-03. 



As between the bituminous coal industry 

 and the iron-ore mining industry, the former 

 takes from the earth a product worth 140 per 

 cent more, employs 205 per cent more hands 

 and 46 per cent more capital, uses 161 per 

 cent more materials, and pays 222 per cent 

 more wages. The increase in the tonnage of the 

 iron-ore mined during the census year is 136 

 per cent, and in that of bituminous coal 135 

 per cent, as compared with the census year of 

 1870; showing that these two great divisions 

 of mineral production keep pace with each 

 other, and are advancing nearly twice as fast 

 as the production of anthracite. The reason 

 of this is the obvious one that in the former 

 cases new fields are laid under contribution, 

 from time to time, as railroads are extended, 

 whereas anthracite is restricted to its original 

 area. Iron is mined in 135 counties, and bitu- 

 minous coal in 314 counties, east of the one 

 hundredth meridian. 



11. Production of bituminous coal and lignite 

 west of the one hundredth meridian. Twenty 

 counties are specified in the States of Califor- 

 nia, Colorado, and Oregon, and in the Terri- 

 tories of Montana, Washington, and Wyoming. 



1. Number of establishments, 46; of these, 

 25 are in Colorado. 



2. Capital employed and invested, $8,479,- 

 573; nearly $6,000,000 is in Colorado, and 

 $1,240,000 in California. 



3. Total product, 1,477,736 tons, of which 

 Wyoming Territory (four counties, six estab- 

 lishments) yields nearly 590,000 tons, and Col- 

 orado, 463,000 tons. 



4. Value of total product, $3,272,470; of 



