218 DOMINION OF CANADA. 



DRAPER, HENRY. 



composed of Americans, Canadians, and some 

 English and Continental capitalists, to take the 

 burden off the shoulders of the Government. 

 The Government was thus relieved from the 

 apprehension of an .annual deficit of from 

 $1,000,000 to $2,000,000 in operating the road 



have established a coast telegraph, working a 

 system of signals to convey the intelligence of 

 the appearance of shoals of fish to the fisher- 

 men all along the coast. A similar plan has 

 been operated with success in Norway. Large 

 shoals of fish visit the shores of Newfound- 



ROUTE OP THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILROAD. 



after it was completed. The company agreed 

 to finish the road by 1891, and keep it in oper- 

 ation forever. In return they received a cash 

 subsidy of $25,000,000, a land subsidy of 25,- 

 000,000 acres, and the 710 miles of railroad 

 already constructed or contracted for by the 

 Government, together with exemption from 

 taxation and the monopoly of the traffic of 

 Manitoba and the Northwest for twenty years. 

 The Pacific Railway Company, which was 

 formed in 1881, by the acquisition of the 

 Canada Central Railroad, can reach Ottawa and 

 Brockville, on the St. Lawrence, from their 

 eastern terminus at Callender. They have a 

 branch line between Pembina and Winnipeg, 

 and are making connection with the Sault Ste. 

 Marie. With its branches, the road will have 

 a total length of some 4,000 miles. The sec- 

 tion between Rat Portage and Winnipeg, 135 

 miles, was completed in 1881, and transferred 

 by the Government to the company ; the por- 

 tion between Kamloops and Port Moody is also 

 being built by the Government, and the eastern 

 section, from Callender westward, as part of 

 the bargain. The company are prosecuting 

 the road through the fertile belt and its con- 

 nections. It is expected that the year 1883 

 will see it completed to the foot of the Rocky 

 Mountains. The route to be taken in crossing 

 the mountains is not definitively settled. The 

 Yellowhead Pass, to be approached from Ed- 

 monton, on the North Saskatchewan, was in 

 favor until the Governor- General's visit to the 

 Northwest ; but an easier pass, situated above 

 the sources of the Bow River, a tributary ot 

 the South Saskatchewan, from which the rail- 

 road would descend into the valley of the 

 Columbia River on the western side, is now 

 the expected route. 



NEWFOUNDLAND. The Newfoundlanders 



land, but it is never known where or when 

 they will appear. The fishermen can now sail 

 at once to the spot, and utilize the opportuni- 

 ties which only came to them before by chance. 

 The telegraph can also spread information 

 about the movements of the ice, which is impor- 

 tant not only to fishermen, but to the seal- 

 fishers and the shipping industry. The fisher- 

 men of Newfoundland have lately fallen into a 

 lamentable condition of bondage to the capi- 

 talists who have advanced them money. The 

 men who speculate in their labor form the 

 class which controls the legislation of the 

 colony. They take the fish from the fisher- 

 men, and pay them in many districts entirely 

 in kind. 



DRAPER, HENRY, M. D., LL. D., son of 

 Dr. John W. Draper, born in Prince Edward 

 County, Virginia, March 7, 1837 ; died in New 

 York, November 20, 1882. His death was 

 sudden and unlooked for, being caused by an 

 attack of pneumonia. He was in the prime of 

 life, and his reputation was nearly, if not quite, 

 equal to that of his father, whom he succeeded 

 as professor in the New York City University. 

 Henry Draper inherited an ardent liking for 

 chemical studies and researches, and he stood, 

 with his father, in the front ranks of that 

 science. His early education was obtained in 

 the public schools of New York city, from 

 which he passed into the university, where he 

 took the medical course, and graduated in 1858, 

 at the age of twenty-one. The next year he 

 traveled in Europe, directing his attention 

 everywhere to scientific matters. An inspec- 

 tion of Lord Rosse's world-renowned telescope 

 gave an impulse to his thought and effort in 

 celestial photography, a branch of science 

 which he afterward pursued with eminent 

 success. On his return home he served, for 



