EGYPT. 



233 



its material resources. After the default ot 

 interest upon the bonds, France and England 

 interposed in 1876, and procured the deposi- 

 tion of Ismail in 1879, after a mutiny in the 

 army occasioned by his efforts to satisfy the 

 European bondholders. He was succeeded by 

 his son Tevfik, August 8, 1879. Mohamed 

 Tevfik, born in 1852, is the sixth ruler of the 

 dynasty of Mehemet Ali. A French and an 

 English Controller-General were given joint 

 supervision of the expenditures according to a 

 decree of the Khedive issued November 10, 

 1879. An International Commission of Liqui- 

 dation was appointed under a decree issued 

 April 5, 1880. The Controllers gradually as- 

 sumed direction of the entire administration, 

 a condition of affairs which led to a movement 

 for popular self-government in 1881, and, upon 

 the refusal of the Khedive and the English and 

 French Governments to sanction the scheme, 

 to a rebellion in 1882, which was suppressed 

 with British troops. The Egyptian war was 

 the most momentous event of international in- 

 terest which occurred in 1882. The financial 

 complications which led to the interference of 

 the Western powers, and the chain of circum- 

 stances which resulted in the revolt against the 

 Controllers and the Khedive, with the diplo- 

 matic discussions anterior to the armed inter- 

 vention of England, and the history of the 

 campaign, are described in the following pages. 

 AREA AND POPULATION. The total area of 

 the Egyptian dominions, including the regions 

 on the upper Nile and in Central Africa which 

 were subjugated in 187* and 1875, is estimated 

 at 1,406,250 square miles, with a total popula- 

 tion of 16,400,000. The area of Egypt proper 

 is about 210,000 square miles, and the popula- 

 tion, as officially estimated in 1878, is given as 

 5,517,627, divided between the inhabitants of 

 the town districts or governments (Mohafzas) 

 and the rural districts or provinces (Moudi- 

 riehs) and between the sexes as follows : 



The area of the annexed and conquered dis- 

 tricts is estimated at 1,026,250 square miles, 

 and the population at about 10,800,000, includ- 

 ing Kordofan with 278,740 inhabitants, Darfoor 

 with some 4,000,000, and Nubia, the Soodan, 

 and the Equatorial Provinces, with an aggre- 

 gate population estimated at 6,500,000. The 

 principal towns and their population in 1877 

 are: Cairo, 327,462; Alexandria, 165,752; 

 Damietta, 32,730; Rosetta, 16,243; Suez, 11,- 

 327; Sotiakin, 4,600; Port Said, 13,294 (in 

 1881); Massawah, 2,744 ; El- Arich, 2,506 ; 1s- 

 mailia, 1,897; Tanta, 60,000; Zagazig, 40,000; 

 Syout, 27,470 ; Damanhour, 25,000 ; and Man- 

 sura, 16,170. 



The foreign population of Egypt, not in- 

 cluded in the above, was returned in 1881 as 

 68,560, divided between the following nation- 

 alities : Greeks, 29,960 ; Italians, 14,520 ; 

 French, 14,010; English, 4,095; Austrians, 

 2,480; Spaniards, 1,000; Germans, 1,880; 

 Persians, 752; Russians, 358; Americans, 140; 

 Belgians, 140; Dutch, 120; Danes, 70; and 

 Portuguese, 35 registered in the consular 

 books. 



COMMERCE. The foreign trade of Egypt is 

 very great, but consists largely of goods carried 

 in transit. The values of the exports to and 

 imports from the different countries in 1881 

 were as follow : 



Raw cotton is the largest article of export. 

 In recent years the cotton-seed has been 

 shipped in large quantities to England. The 

 grain exports, including beans, are next in im- 

 portance. These vary greatly from year to 

 year. The shipments of raw cotton to Great 

 Britain in 1880 aggregated 152,606,608 pounds ; 

 the average quantity for ten years was 169,- 

 000,000 pounds. The decrease is made up by 

 the exports to other countries, 257,000 bales 

 going to Great Britain and 179,000 elsewhere 

 in 1881. Four fifths of the wheat exported 

 and two thirds of the beans went to England 

 in 1881. The exports of the principal classes 

 of merchandise in 1881, compared with the 

 preceding year, were in value as follow : 



The following were the values of the prin- 

 cipal imports : 



The exports remained nearly stationary, 

 while the imports increased from $25,000,000 



