EGYPTOLOGICAL AND ASSYRIOLOGIOAL RESEARCH. 



261 



of a high officer, Una, who served under them, 

 the most satisfactory contemporary record yet 

 discovered in the tombs. The pyramid of 

 Pepi, who is supposed to be the Phiops II of 

 Manetho, contained two chambers, only one of 

 which is accessible. The walls of this one 

 bore long and remarkable inscriptions, while 

 fragments of other inscriptions were lying 

 around on the floors. The sarcophagus, of 

 basalt, had been partly destroyed, but was seen 

 to be of extraordinary massiveness, being 

 106*5 inches in length, with the sides 12'2 and 

 the bottom 20 inches in thickness. It con- 

 tained a wooden coffin, with a body, not em- 

 balmed, but wrapped in a cerement of very 

 fine linen, steeped, probably, in cedar-oil, which 

 was removed to Boolak. The sarcophagus bore 

 the inscription, " The Life of the King of 

 Egypt, Ra * * * i [Rameri], the Ever-living." 

 Near the sarcophagus was a monolithic square 

 box or well, of granite, with a lid of granite 

 propped up, but without grooves or pin-holes. 

 The inscriptions in the chamber relate entirely 

 to the religion, and not at all to the history, of 

 the king. In them he is always named Pepi, 

 the second name not occurring in the chamber 

 itself, but only in the passage, where it is un- 

 mutilated, and may be read easily as Rameri. 

 Many places are named, among them An (Heli- 

 opolis) and Abood (Abydos), but not Thebes. 

 Professor Maspero began his work, in Feb- 

 ruary and March, 1881, with the opening of 

 Pyramid No. 4, of Perring's map, which proved 

 to be that of Unas, the last king of the fifth 

 dynasty, a monarch whose name erroneously, 

 as it now appears had been before associated 

 with the flat-topped pyramid known as the Mas- 

 tabat-el-Faraoon. The chamber had already 

 been violated by the tomb -breakers of the 

 Graeco-Roman period. The corridor was lined 

 with polished granite and fine limestone, the 

 latter covered with hieroglyphics filled in with 

 green, and the ceiling was adorned with stars 

 of the same color. This passage led into a 

 chamber with inscribed walls, whence another 

 corridor led to a chamber containing niches 

 for funereal statues, and thence a passage next 

 ending in the burial - chamber of the king. 

 Three of the walls of this chamber were cov- 

 ered with inscriptions, and the fourth wall with 

 fine alabaster richly painted with decorative 

 designs. The texts on the walls are almost 

 identical with those upon the walls of the tomb 

 of Pepi Rameri, and are similar to other texts 

 found on certain little-known tombs at Thebes. 

 The sarcophagus was of black basalt, with no 

 inscription. The lid lay in one corner of the 

 chamber, and the mummy had been pulled 

 put and broken up, so that only fragments of 

 it were recovered, though it is hoped that 

 other parts of it may be found in the rubbish. 

 M. Maspero next projected the excavation of 

 the pyramid of Meydoum, which is associated 

 with the name of Senefru, the next to the 

 last king of the third dynasty, but his success 

 here was anticipated by the discovery in July, 



1881, of the mummies and relics of the kings, 

 queens, and princes of the seventeenth, eight- 

 eenth, nineteenth, and twenty-first dynasties at 

 Deir-el-Baharee, near Thebes. 



Disco VEKT OF ROYAL MUMMIES AT THEBES. 

 The existence of an important deposit among 

 the hills west of Thebes had been known for 

 many years to the Arabs, who carried on a 

 lively trade in the relics they took from it, and 

 carefully kept the knowledge of its situation to 

 themselves. The attention of Daoud Pasha and 

 Herr Emil Brugsch was drawn to the matter 

 by the appearance of an unusual number of 

 relics in the market, and they secured the ar- 

 rest of the Arab who appeared to be the lead- 

 ing dealer, and extorted from him a revela- 

 tion of the hiding-place. In a rock chamber 

 hitherto unknown, behind an ancient temple, 

 were found twenty-nine mummies, of which 

 seven were of kings, nine of queens and prin- 

 cesses, and five of persons of distinction, many of 

 them with the flower-wreaths which were de- 

 posited on them at their burial, still lying with- 

 ered on their breasts, 3,700 mortuary statues, 

 a large leather tent or canopy, and a number 

 of papyri, four of which were very large and 

 quite perfect. The mummies had evidently 

 been brought to the place in haste, and had 

 been deposited there in some confusion. Some 

 of them were in cases not their own, and sev- 

 eral cases were without occupants. The iden- 

 tification of them was consequently difficult for 

 a little time; but the following list, which is 

 arranged by dynasties, was finally determined 

 upon as correct. The asterisk indicates a mum- 

 my-case from which the mummy which is pre- 

 sumed to have been originally present, but af- 

 terward removed or stolen, is missing. 



SEVENTEENTH DYNASTY. (Approximate 

 date) B. c. 1750 to B. o. 1703. King Rasekenen 

 Taaken, Queen Ansera. EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY. 

 (Approximate date) B. c. 1703 to B. c. 1462. 

 King Ahmes Ra-neb-pehti (who completed 

 the expulsion of the Shepherd Kings), Queen 

 Ahmes Nofretari, Queen Aah-hotep, Queen 

 Merit -Amen, Queen Hotimoohoo, Prince Se 

 Amen, Princess Set-Amen, King Amenhotep 

 I, King Thothmes I,* King Thothmes II, King 

 Thothmes III, Queen Sitka. NINETEENTH DY- 

 NASTY. (Approximate date) B. o. 1462 to B. c. 

 1288. King Rameses I,* King Seti I, King 

 Rameses II (the Sesostris of the Greeks, and 

 regarded by most Egyptologists as the Pharaoh 

 under whom Moses was brought up). TWEN- 

 TIETH DYNASTY. Not represented. TWENTY- 

 FIRST DYNASTY. (Approximate date) B. o. 1110 

 to ? Queen Notem - Maut, King and High- 

 Priest Pinotem I, King Pinotem II, Prince and 

 High -Priest Masahirti, Queen Hathor Hout 

 Taui, Queen Makara, Queen Isi-em-kheb, Prin- 

 cess Nasi Khonsu, Prince Tat-f-Ankh, Nebseni 

 (a priest), Noi Shounap (a priest). It is sup- 

 posed, and some hieratic inscriptions made 

 on the mummy-cases of Seti I and Rameses 

 II at the time of the removal confirm the sup- 

 position, that the mummies and treasures were 



