FRANCE. 



321 



which duties have been paid, amounted to 

 4,946,400,000 francs, as compared with 5,033,- 

 200,000 francs in 1880, 4,595,200,000 francs in 

 1879, 3,536,700,000 francs in 1875, an average 

 of 3,342,500,000 francs between 1869 and 1873, 

 and of 2,121,100,000 francs between 1859 and 

 1863. The special exports, that is, domestic 

 products and foreign exports on which duty 

 has been paid, amounted to 3,612,400,000 francs 

 in 1881, 3,467,900,000 francs in 1880, 3,872,- 

 600,000 francs in 1875, 3,259,700,000 francs 

 average between 1869 and 1873, and 2,271,- 

 000,000 francs between 1859 and 1863. The 

 specie imports in 1881 amounted to 363,200,- 

 000 francs, the exports to 302,200,000 francs. 

 Of the total imports of 1881, 2,188,982,000 

 francs were articles of consumption, of which 

 588,696,000 francs were cereals (against 844,- 

 343,000 francs in 1880), 383,424,000 francs fer- 

 mented liquors, 288,534,000 francs colonial 

 produce, 29,427,000 francs tobacco, 285,638,- 

 000 francs seeds, fruits, and vegetables, and 

 363,884,000 francs animal food articles and 

 animals (against 419,987,000 francs in 1880). 

 The exports of articles of consumption amounted 

 to 915,856,000 francs, against 865,601,000 francs 

 in 1880. The imports of raw materials in 

 1881 amounted to 1,893,130,000 francs, against 

 1,856,586,000 francs in 1880, the imports of 

 textile materials in 1881 being 1,063,963,000 

 francs ; of woods, etc., 245,479,000 francs ; of 

 hides, hair, and leather, 185,364,000; of raw 

 metals, 140,724,000 francs. The exports of 

 raw materials amounted to 554,125,000 francs, 

 against 540,073,000 francs in 1880, the exports 

 of textile materials making the chief item and 

 amounting to 384,844,000 francs. The imports 

 of manufactured articles amounted to 558,042,- 

 000 francs, against 490,957,000 francs in 1880, 

 the principal items being textiles (241,577,000 

 francs), and machines and metallic products 

 (131,002,000 francs). The exports of manufac- 

 tured objects amounted to 1,787,313,000 francs, 

 against 1,736,975,000 francs in 1880, the largest 

 items being textiles and articles of dress (948,- 

 993,000 francs), leather manufactures, etc. 

 (290,223,000 francs), jewelry and works of 

 art (148,919,000 francs), and metallic products, 

 machines, etc. (145,385,000 francs). The other 

 classes of imports amounted to 555,673,000 

 francs, exports to 355,148,000 francs. 



The largest foreign trade is with England, 

 amounting to 599,000,000 francs of imports 

 and 830,200,000 of exports in 1879. The 

 largest import trade is with the United States, 

 from which 715,900,000 francs of imports were 

 received, and to which 276,200,000 francs of 

 exports were shipped. The total trade with the 

 French colonies amounted to 227,100,000 francs 

 of imports and 190,400,000 francs of exports. 



The number of vessels entering French ports 

 in 1881 was 34,520, of 11,675,746 aggregate 

 tonnage, of which 9,966 carried French colors, 

 tonnage 3,721,714 ; the number departing was 

 23,373, tonnage 7,527,1468,072 of 3,358,136 

 under French colors. The merchant marine 

 VOL. xxn. 21 A 



at the beginning of 1881 consisted of 14,406 

 sailing-vessels, of 641,539 tons, and 652 steam- 

 ers, of 277,759 tons. Of the total number of 

 15,058 vessels, of 919,298 aggregate tonnage, 

 employing 92,397 persons, 9,987, of 134,983 

 tons, crews 54,928 persons, were engaged in 

 fisheries; 2,399, of 111,599 tons, in coasting; 

 1,743, of 643,406 tons, crews 24,843, in ocean 

 commerce; and the remaining 929 were vessels 

 employed in port service and yachts. 



COLONIES. The principal colony of France 

 is Algeria, having an area of about 430,000 

 square kilometres, and a population in 1877 of 

 2,867,626 souls. The population of the three 

 civil departments in 1877 was 1,551,109, their 

 area 41,599 square kilometres. In 1880 their 

 boundaries bad been extended to include 73,835 

 square kilometres, and a population of 1,884,- 

 124 souls. The population of Algeria is di- 

 vided in respect to nationality into 198,092 

 French, 33,506 naturalized Israelites, 2,477,641 

 native Mussulmans, and 158,387 from other 

 countries, among them 94,038 Spaniards, 26,322 

 Italians, and 14,313 English. The three capital 

 cities are Algiers, containing in 1880 64,714 in- 

 habitants ; Oran, containing 59,429 ; and Con- 

 stantine, containing in 1876 39,823. 



PRINCE NAPOLEON (JEROME). 



The area and population of the colonies and 

 protectorates, exclusive of Madagascar, with an 

 area of 691,901 square kilometres, and a popu- 

 lation estimated at 5,000,000, and Tunis, with 

 an area of 118,400 square kilometres, and a 

 population of about 3,000,000, together with 

 the exports and imports of the colonies other 

 than Algeria, in 1879, and their budgets for 

 1882 (all in thousands of francs), are given in 

 the following table : 



