328 



GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE. 



carefully to guard against depreciating any of 

 the society's testimonies, and with provisions 

 for keeping the whole matter, in case any diffi- 

 culties should arise, under the control of the 

 yearly meeting. 



The Associated Committee of Friends in the 

 United States on Indian Affairs reported to the 

 New England Yearly Meeting concerning its 

 work among the ten thousand Indians of whom 

 it has the supervision, that flourishing First- 

 day schools and monthly meetings were main- 

 tained, with six boarding-schools, which were 

 attended by seven hundred pupils. Several 

 native Indians were preaching, among whom 

 was Steamboat Frank, once a famous Modoc 

 warrior. More than half of the ninety-six re- 

 maining members of the Modoc tribe had been 

 converted from wild savages to quiet, peaceful 

 Quakers. One hundred and forty- three con- 

 versions were reported. 



The London Yearly Meeting met May 22d. 

 The whole number of members was reported to 

 be 15,113, including 435 scattered about in for- 



eign countries, and showed an increase of 138 

 during the year. The number of regular at- 

 tendants on worship not in membership was 

 given at 5,084, showing an increase of 43. 

 The First-day schools included 1,400 scholars. 

 The Tract Society has issued from London 

 127,834 tracts, including 12,641 in foreign lan- 

 guages, and from Leominster 442,917 tracts. 

 At the Foreign Missionary Meeting accounts 

 were given of the progress of missionary work 

 in Madagascar, Syria, and India. Agents of 

 the society have also done missionary and evan- 

 gelistic work in South Africa, Australia, and 

 New Zealand. Meetings were held, during 

 the sessions of the yearly meeting, of the 

 Friends' Temperance Union, which had se- 

 cured the delivery during the year of scien- 

 tific temperance lectures in the public schools 

 of the Friends and of the Friends' Good 

 Templars; and a meeting was held to con- 

 sider what Friends could do toward abating 

 the prejudice in the United States against the 

 negroes. 



G 



GAMBETTA, LEON MICHEL. (See OBITU- 

 ARIES and ANNUAL CYCLOPAEDIA for 1881.) 



GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE, the leader of Italian 

 independence, died at his home, on the Island of 

 Caprera, June 2d. He was born July 22, 1807, 

 at Nice, before it was incorporated in the 

 French dominions. His family was of pure 

 Lombard stock, bearing an old Lombard name 

 which is common in Northern Italy. His fa- 

 ther and his grandfather were seamen. His 

 father had come from Chiavari, in the Riviera 

 di Levante. His mother, Rosa Ragiundo, was 

 a woman of fine, religious nature, to whose 

 teachings he ascribed his patriotic feelings. 

 His education was confined to irregular lessons 

 from religious instructors. He followed the sea 

 from his earliest youth, making many voyages 

 to Constantinople, Odessa, Rome, and along the 

 Mediterranean coast, in his father's brig and 

 other vessels. He was once taken ill at Con- 

 stantinople, and found employment daring his 

 convalescence as a family tutor. 



Subsequent to the revolutionary movement 

 of 1831 he fell in with Mazzini at Marseilles, 

 and entered heart and soul into the band of 

 Young Italy. The scheme of an invasion of 

 Italy by sea was given up after Mazzini's ex- 

 pulsion from Marseilles, in favor of an attempt 

 to enter Savoy from Geneva. The complete 

 failure of the Savoy expedition was attributed 

 by Garibaldi to the treason of the Polish Gen- 

 eral Ramorino. The young Garibaldi himself 

 had embarked on the frigate Euridice, with 

 the object of stirring the crew to mutiny. He 

 left the ship to engage in an unsuccessful plot 

 to capture the barracks of the Carabinieri at 

 Genoa. He made his way to Nice, and escaped 

 thence to Marseilles. 



An exile from home, he picked up a preca- 

 rious livelihood by giving instruction in navi- 

 gation ; then sailed on voyages to the Black 

 Sea and Tunis, and finally entered into the ser- 

 vice of the Bey of Tunis, as an officer on one 

 of his ships. The sailors were so unmanage- 

 able that he threw up the engagement, and 

 embarked (in 1836) on the Nageur for Rio 

 Janeiro. In South America he at first engaged 

 in his old business of coast-trading; but on 

 the revolt of the province of Rio Grande do 

 Sul, and the proclamation of a republic, he 

 transformed his little schooner into a privateer, 

 which he called the Mazzini. 



The twelve years' career of Garibaldi in 

 South America forms the most romantic tale 

 of adventure and heroism of modern times. 

 The extremes of good and ill fortune which he 

 went through, his wonderful resources in ex- 

 tricating himself from desperate perils and 

 winning victories against fearful odds, his mag- 

 netic power of chaining to him the hearts of 

 his followers, and inspiring them with a daring 

 equal to his own, were crowned with epic 

 grandeur by his disinterestedness, his humane 

 tenderness, his generosity, his courage in do- 

 ing right, without regard to consequences. 

 His services for the abortive Republic of Rio 

 Grande were inaugurated by a brilliant suc- 

 cess; then followed by a gloomy disaster. 

 With his crew of twelve men he cut out an 

 armed Brazilian vessel ; but sailing into the (as 

 he supposed) friendly port of Montevideo, his 

 prize was taken from him, and he was cast into 

 a dungeon and tortured. By the intervention 

 of the Governor of Gualeguay he was released 

 from his tormentor. Escaping across the terri- 

 tory of La Plata into Rio Grande, he fought with 



