330 GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE. 



GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS. 



French on July 13, 1849. New volunteers 

 gathered around his standard as he retired by 

 way of Terni and Orvieto. With a force of 

 2,000 men he crossed the Apennines. Pressed 

 by the Austrians in overwhelming numbers, he 

 evaded them at San Marino, and embarked for 

 the relief of the Venetians, who were still with- 

 standing the Austrian siege. Intercepted by 

 Austrian men-of-war, he was compelled to put 

 back and land near Ravenna. In the disastrous 

 flight through the forest, Anita broke down and 

 died in the arms of Garibaldi. His compan- 

 ions, Ugo Bassi and Ciceruacchio, fell into the 

 hands of the Austrians, who shot them with- 

 out a trial. Garibaldi made his way over to 

 the Mediterranean coast, and, broken with 

 grief, gave himself up as a prisoner to Sardini- 

 an Carabinieri. When the hero was taken be- 

 fore General La Marmora he met with fraternal 

 sympathy. The General and the Liberal party 

 shamed the Government out of their harsh 

 treatment of the patriot. He was given a 

 small pension and permitted to depart for Tu- 

 nis, whence, finding no refuge there nor else- 

 where, he departed for New York. Until he 

 returned in 1854 to play his part in the last act 

 of the drama of Italian independence, he kept 

 a little workshop on Staten Island, where he 

 supported himself as a tallow-chandler for a 

 couple of years, and then went to Lima, and 

 made a voyage to China. 



On his return to Italy, Garibaldi was honor- 

 ably received by the Piedmontese Government, 

 and held aloof from the Mazzinian revolution- 

 ists. He remained in his peaceful retreat on 

 the rocky islet of Caprera, near the Sardinian 

 shore, until the war of Piedmont and France 

 against Austria in 1859. Garibaldi took com- 

 mand of the Alpine Chasseurs. He defeated 

 the Austrians at Varese and San Fermo, be- 

 wildering the hostile commander, Urban, by 

 the rapidity of his movements, and advancing 

 the line of the allies in the mountains as it 

 advanced below by the victories of Palestro, 

 Magenta, and Solferino. 



After the war, Garibaldi set about organiz- 

 ing the expedition of the Thousand, with 

 which, secretly encouraged by the Govern- 

 ment, he was to accomplish the union of 

 North and South Italy. Embarking at Genoa 

 on the llth of May, 1860, he landed at Mar- 

 sala, beat the Neapolitan troops at Calatafimi, 

 and marched upon Palermo, where the Palerme- 

 tans rose and aided in reducing the garrison. 

 He routed the Bourbon troops also at Milazzo. 

 All Sicily was soon in his power, except the 

 citadel at Messina. Crossing into Calabria, he 

 drove the King's troops before him, entering 

 Naples on the 7th of September, 1860. The 

 Piedmontese now hastened to reap the success 

 which he had prepared for them. The royal 

 troops crossed the Marches, beat Lamoriciere 

 and the Papal troops at Castel Fidardo, crossed 

 the Neapolitan frontier, and reduced the for- 

 tresses of Capua and Gaeta. Through their co- 

 operation, Garibaldi was able to deliver the 



two kingdoms of Sicily into the hands of Vic- 

 tor Ernanuel. Then, declining all proffered 

 honors and emoluments, he withdrew to his 

 farm at Caprera. 



Garibaldi felt constrained to take part in 

 parliamentary life to secure for his officers the 

 rank which he had conferred upon them, and 

 to discuss the question of ceding his native 

 city, Nice, to France. Ratazzi encouraged him 

 to undertake an unfortunate expedition for the 

 expulsion of the Austrians from Venice. He 

 engaged in the still more foolhardy enterprise 

 of rescuing Rome from the French, which was 

 suppressed by the Minister Ratazzi, who sent 

 the royal forces against him. He was wounded 

 and captured at Aspromonte, August 29, 1862, 

 and sent back to Caprera. In 1866, during the 

 Austro-Prussian War, Venice was finally deliv- 

 ered from the Austrian yoke ; but Garibaldi's 

 attempt to advance into Tyrol at the head of 

 an army of volunteers was a failure. Beaten, 

 wounded, and ill, he returned to his hermitage 

 in Caprera. When Ratazzi, whose treatment 

 of the Garibaldi expedition at Aspromonte 

 had cost him his place, again returned to pow- 

 er, he secretly set on foot another Roman ex- 

 pedition. Garibaldi and his son Menotti entered 

 into the plans of the minister ; but at Monte- 

 rotondo and Mentana the Papal troops, with 

 French auxiliaries which landed under De 

 Failly, November 3, 1867, routed the patriot 

 bands. Three years later, after the fall of Na- 

 poleon, the French garrison left Rome without 

 the aid of Garibaldi, He joined Gambetta at 

 Tours, on the 9th of October, 1870, to rescue 

 the French Republic. He was beaten by the 

 German General Werder at Montbard, and was 

 outgeneraled at Dijon. After the war was 

 over, Garibaldi received nothing but insult and 

 contempt from the reactionist party which was 

 in the ascendant at Versailles, in return for his 

 devotion to the cause of the country for which 

 he had fought twice at Rome. 



Garibaldi took his place in the political coun- 

 cils of Italy to the last years of his life. But 

 the practical statesmen of Italy sought only 

 to use him as a tool to work out their schemes 

 of national aggrandizement. With his demo- 

 cratic principles and dreams of a happier con- 

 dition of society they had no sympathy, and 

 treated him as an idle visionary. 



GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS AND DIS- 

 COVERY. The attention of explorers in 

 1882 was principally directed to the frozen re- 

 gions of the Arctic Zone, to the interior of 

 Africa, and to the unexplored parts of Asia. 

 The latest expeditions to the polar regions 

 have met with failure and disaster. The phys- 

 ical features of the interior of Africa are now 

 kcown, with the exception of one or two geo- 

 graphical problems to be solved. It is also 

 known through the journeys of Cameron and 

 Stanley, and their successors, who have pene- 

 trated to the center of the continent and trav- 

 ersed it from side to side in various direc- 

 tions, that the inner parts of Africa are re- 



