GERMANY. 



351 



The total value of imports of merchandise in 

 1880 was 2,835,600,000 marks, against 3,773,- 

 200,000 marks in 1879 (one mark = 23 '8 

 cents) ; the value of merchandise exports, 

 3,046,100,000 marks, against 2,775,700,000 

 marks in 1879. There were 320,700,000 marks 

 of cereals imported and 194,200,000 marks ex- 

 ported, against 687,700,000 marks imported 

 and 194,200,000 marks exported in 1879; the 

 imports of fermented liquors were only 39,900,- 

 000 marks, against 116,500,000 marks, the ex- 

 ports 54,800,000 marks, against 62,600,000 

 marks; the imports of colonial wares, 172,- 

 300,000 marks, against 230,300,000 marks, the 

 exports 144,000,000, against 122,400,000 marks; 

 the imports of tobacco were only 23,900,000, 

 against 110,200,000 marks, the exports 3,700,- 

 000, against 8,200,000 marks; the imports of 

 seeds, fruits, and vegetables were 110,700,000 

 marks, against 125,300,000, the exports 52,100,- 

 000 marks, against 77,700,000 ; the imports of 

 meat, provisions, and live animals, 317,600,000 

 marks, against 357,000,000, the exports 196,- 

 400,000 marks, against 262,800,000. The total 

 imports of raw materials were 910,500,000 

 marks, against 1,249,600,000 marks, the falling 

 off being distributed over textile materials, 

 hides and leather, wood, metals, fuel, and the 

 other articles of the list ; the exports of raw 

 materials were 501,900,000 marks, against 685,- 

 800,000. The imports of manufactured arti- 

 cles were about the same in both years, being 

 495,000,000 marks, against 491,700,000 in 1879 ; 

 but the exports of finished products increased 

 from 971,900,000 marks in 1879 to 1,436,700,- 

 000 marks in 1880. The miscellaneous class of 

 drugs, fats, chemicals, colors, etc., showed a 

 like increase in the exports, which rose from 

 234,300,000 to 462,300,000 marks, and the im- 

 ports from 404,900,000 to 445,000,000 marks. 

 Specie imports amounted to 40,800,000 marks, 

 and exports to 53,300,000, against 119,600,000 

 marks imported and 45,800,000 exported in 

 1879. 



ARMY AND NAVY. The Prussian system of 

 universal military service was extended over 

 the entire empire by the Constitution of April 

 16, 1871. Every German capable of bearing 

 arms is obliged to serve seven years, three with 

 the colors and four in the reserve, after which 

 he is liable to service in the Landwehr for five 

 years more. By the Landsturm Act, passed in 

 1875, all men capable of bearing arms who are 

 not in the line, the reserve, or the Landwehr, 

 are to be enrolled in the Landsturm, which is 

 divided info two classes, the first class compris- 



ing all able-bodied men under forty-two years 

 of age, and the second class the remainder of 

 the adult male population. The first class only 

 has been organized. The German army on the 

 peace footing comprises 161 regiments of in- 

 fantry of three battalions each, besides 20 jager 

 or rifle battalions and 275 battalions in the 

 Landwehr; 93 regiments, divided into 465 

 squadrons, of cavalry; 37 regiments, contain- 

 ing 89 divisions and 341 batteries, of field ar- 

 tillery; 14 regiments, divided into 31 battal- 

 ions and 126 companies, of heavy artillery; 17 

 battalions, divided into 68 companies, of pio- 

 neers; and 18 battalions with 41 companies in 

 the train. The peace effective of the army is 

 as follows: 



The Bavarian contingent, which has pre- 

 served a separate organization, although it 

 stands under the absolute command of the 

 Emperor like the rest of the army, numbers 

 2,214 officers and 50,224 men. The royal Saxon 

 troops number 1,137 officers and 27,606 men; 

 the Wurtemberg contingent, 773 officers and 

 18,815 men. The Prussian troops, in whose 

 organization the contingents of the remaining 

 states are entirely merged, number 14,004 offi- 

 cers and 330,629 men. 



The strength of the army on the war foot- 

 ing, exclusive of the Landsturm and special 

 bodies, is 35,427 officers, 1,456,677 rank and 

 file, 312,731 horses, and 2,808 guns. They are 

 divided for purposes of mobilization into the 

 field troops, mustering 19,391 officers and 744,- 

 031 men; the depot troops, 4,796 officers and 

 296,614 men ; and the garrison troops, 11,240 

 officers and 416,032 men. With the organiza- 

 tion of the first class of the Landsturm reserve 

 the war effective can be raised to nearly 2,000,- 



* The still-born are included in the returns of births and 

 of deaths. 



