352 



GEKMANY. 



000 men. It is estimated that Germany can 

 call into the field 2,500,000 armed men without 

 calling out the last reserves. The empire is 

 divided into seventeen military districts, each 

 capahle of mobilizing a complete corps. The 

 guard regiments, recruited from Prussia and 

 Alsace-Lorraine, are not attached to the terri- 

 torial divisions. 



In the remodeled system of fortifications 

 there are 17 fortresses of the first class, with 

 fortified camps, and 26 other fortresses, 10 of 

 which are for coast-defense and 13 to guard 

 the railroad approaches. The empire is di- 

 vided into nine fortress districts: 1, Konigs- 

 berg ; 2, Dantsic ; 3, Posen ; 4, Berlin ; 5, May- 

 ence ; 6, Metz ; 7, Cologne ; 8, Altona ; 9, Mu- 

 nich. The fortresses of the first class, which 

 serve as fortified camps, in the different dis- 

 tricts, are the following: 1, Konigsberg; 2, 

 Dantsic and Thorn ; 3, Posen and Neisse ; 4, 

 Ktistrin, Magdeburg, and Spandau; 5, May- 

 ence, Kastadt, Strasburg, and Ulm ; 6, Metz ; 

 7, Cologne and Metz; 8, Sonderburg-Duppel ; 

 9, Ingolstadt. A wide circle of outer fortifi- 

 cations has been recently built around the 

 fortresses of Strasburg and Metz. The forts 

 at Thorn, Posen, Kiistrin, and Mayence have 

 also been enlarged. The forts for railroad 

 protection and the districts in which they are 

 situated are as follow : 1, Dirschau ; 3, Glogau; 

 4, Konigstein and Torgau; 6, Diedenhofen, 

 Saarlouis, and Bitsch ; 7, Dtisseldorf and Wesel; 

 9, Germersheim. The coast fortresses are: 

 1, Memel and Pillau; 2, Kolberg, Stralsund, 

 and Schweinemunde ; 8, Kiel, Trave-mouth, 

 Elbe-mouth, Ems-mouth, Weser-mouth, Fried- 

 richsort, and Wilhelmshaven. The remaining 

 fortresses are: 1, Marienburg; 3, Glatz; 5, 

 Neu-Breisach ; 7, Ehrenbreitstein. A number 

 of old fortresses have been abolished in the 

 reconstruction of the system of defenses car- 

 ried out since the last war. 



The German navy consisted in 1882 of seven 

 iron-clad frigates, five iron-clad corvettes, 

 eleven iron-clad gunboats, with two more under 

 construction, one monitor, fifty-eight other 

 steamers, and four sailing-vessels. One addi- 

 tional iron-clad frigate and one iron-clad cor- 

 vette, with six torpedo-boats, besides the four- 

 teen now existing, will nearly complete the 

 naval reform scheme adopted in 1873. Two 

 of the torpedo-steamers of the German navy, 

 the Zieten and the Ulan, are sea-going vessels 

 of remarkable speed, calculated to be not less 

 than twenty knots an hour; they are protected 

 in their vulnerable parts with steel armor. The 

 German navy is manned with 15,196 men and 

 officered by one admiral, one major-general, 

 one vice-admiral, five rear-admirals, thirty ship- 

 captains, and fifty-five corvette-commanders. 

 (See NAVIES OF ETJBOPE.) 



FINANCE. The revenues of the empire are 

 derived from customs duties, the excise duties 

 on malt, spirits, tobacco, etc., stamp-dues, the 

 profits on the post and telegraphs, and certain 

 other sources fixed by the Constitution, the 



deficiency between the expenses and the re- 

 ceipts from these sources being made up by the 

 matricular contributions, or quotas assessed on 

 each state in proportion to its population. 

 Bavaria, Wurtemberg, and Baden receive the 

 proceeds of the malt and liquor taxes, and Al- 

 sace-Lorraine applies the receipts from beer 

 to its own administration, while Bavaria and 

 "Wurtemberg maintain separate postal and tele- 

 graph establishments. In compensation these 

 states must pay proportionately higher ma- 

 tricular quotas. The budget for 1880-'81 

 states the total revenue at 539,252,640 marks 

 (1 mark = 23'8 cents), and the expenditure at 

 the same amount. The revenue and expendi- 

 ture for the year 1881-'82 are placed at 596,811,- 

 409 marks. The budget for 1882-'83, approved 

 by the law of February 15th, states the total 

 receipts as 610,632,707 marks. For the states 

 forming the Zollverein the customs revenue is 

 taken as 186,466,150 marks; the impost on 

 beet-sugar as 47,421,460 marks; on salt, 36,- 

 709,570 marks; on tobacco, 11,029,240 marks; 

 on spirits, 35,517,630 marks; and on malt, 15,- 

 111,170 marks, except in the states which levy 

 the duties on the last two articles themselves. 

 The imposts collected in the states not forming 

 part of the Zollverein are taken as 6,843,060 

 marks, making the total revenue from customs 

 and excise 339,098,280 marks. The gross re- 

 ceipts from the posts and telegraphs are given 

 as 145,128,000 and the expenses 123,864,000 

 marks, making the net revenue 21,264,000 

 marks. The public railroads belonging to the 

 empire are made to yield a net revenue of 12,- 

 686,400 marks out of 40,083,700 marks of total 

 receipts. About 19,000,000 marks are derived 

 from stamp-duties. The interest on the invalid 

 fund is 30, 129,567 marks, the interest on capital 

 funds 3,062,953 marks; the surplus carried 

 over from 1881-'82, 10,558,350 marks. A sum 

 of not quite 50,000,000 marks, included in the 

 receipts, comes from the funds and loans for 

 the building of fortifications, railroads, and 

 other extraordinary expenses. The matricular 

 contributions amount to 103,684,369 marks, 

 52,249,733 marks being assessed upon Prus- 

 sia; 20,278,807 marks upon Bavaria; 5,598,007 

 marks upon Saxony ; 7,670,015 marks upon 

 Wurtemberg; 5,359,876 marks upon Baden; 

 and 3,838,381 marks upon Alsace-Lorraine. 

 The expenditures are estimated at 610,737,707 

 marks, divided into 531,829,228 marks of per- 

 manent and 78,908,479 of special expenses. 

 The expenses are divided among the different 

 departments as follow: Keichstag, 407,670 

 marks; Chancellor's office, 125,770 marks; 

 foreign affairs and consulates, 6,676,775 marks 

 permanent, and 183,800 marks special; Interior 

 Department, permanent, 2,775,422 marks 

 special, 9,240,072 marks; post and telegraphs, 

 special, 3,053, 000 marks; printing-office, special, 

 15,000 marks; army, permanent, 242,493,325 

 marks special, 28,033,931 marks; navy, per- 

 manent, 27,565,856 marks special, 8,728,800 

 marks ; administration of justice, 1,707,667 



