INDIA. 



413 



TOTAL INCREASE. The total increase of the 

 national debts of the world, from 1848 to 1880, 

 is shown in the following figures: 1848, $7,- 

 628,000,000; 1860, $10,3,99,000; 1870, $17,118,- 

 000^1880, $23,287,000. This is an increase 

 of sixteen thousand millions in a period of 

 thirty-two years, or five hundred thousand 

 millions in each of the thirty-two years be- 

 fore 1881. 



INDIA, an empire in Asia, subject to the 

 British crown. The government is carried on 

 in the name of the Queen of Great Britain and 

 Ireland, who in 1877 assumed the title of Em- 

 press of India. The legislative and executive 

 powers are unitedly under the control of the 

 Secretary of State for India, in the British Cabi- 

 net, who is responsible only to the British Par- 

 liament. Under his directions or supervision 

 the executive authority is exercised by the 

 Governor-General, or Viceroy, and the laws 

 are elaborated by the Governor-General in 

 council. The council of the Governor-Gen- 

 eral consists of five ordinary members and the 

 commander-in-chief of the military, appointed 

 by the crown, who preside over the depart- 

 ments of Foreign Affairs, Finance, the Interior, 

 Military Administration, and Public Works; 

 but their functions are simply administrative. 

 The governors of presidencies and provinces 

 are appointed by the crown, the lieutenant- 

 governors of provinces by the Governor-Gen- 

 eral, subject to the approval of the Secretary 

 of State for India. 



The Secretary of State for India was the 

 Marquis of Hartington, until the latter part of 

 1882, when he was succeeded by Earl Derby. 

 The Governor- General of the British Indian 

 Empire is the Marquis of Eipon, who succeeded 

 Lord Lytton upon the accession of the Glad- 

 stone Government in 1880. 



AREA AND POPULATION. The preliminary 

 results of the enumeration of February, 1881, 

 as compared with the first general census, 

 taken between 1868 and 1876, with the area 

 of the states of British India, were as follow : 



The area and population of the native states 

 were as follow: 



Berar and Mysore, included in the first ta- 

 ble, were only temporarily under British ad- 

 ministration. Mysore was handed over to the 

 native government in March, 1881. The na- 

 tive states exceed 450 in number. Some of 

 the frontier states, like Nepaul, merely ac- 

 knowledge British protection. The Afghan 

 war brought Afghanistan, with an area equal 

 to that of the British Islands and a popula- 

 tion estimated at 4,000,000, under a British 

 protectorate. The other native states are 

 feudatory, paying tribute or furnishing a mili- 

 tary contingent. 



The British-born population of India, ex- 

 clusive of the army, numbered, in 1871, 64,061 

 persons, of whom 38,946 were males and 

 25,115 females. The European community is 

 mainly confined to Lower Bengal and Bom- 

 bay. It has received large accessions of late 

 years from British workmen brought over to 

 labor on the railroads and other engineering 

 and manufacturing enterprises. The result 

 has been the growth of a degraded class of 

 Europeans and Eurasians, who, unable to 

 compete with native labor, and without the 

 education for employments which would af- 

 ford them subsistence, are driven to infamous 

 occupations, or sink into pauperism. An in- 

 vestigation, instituted by the Marquis of Ripon, 

 shows that of about 26,000 European and 

 Eurasian children in India nearly one half are 

 growing up without any education. 



The religious statistics of British India, as 

 ascertained by enumerations taken in the 

 years 1868-'76 and verified by the returns of 

 the general census, were as follow : 



CREEDS. Numbers. 



Hindoos 139,248,568 



Mohammedans 40,882,537 



Buddhists 2,832,851 



Sikhs 1,174,436 



Christians 897,216 



Other creeds 5,102,823 



Not known 1,977,400 



Total 192,115,831 



^ The classification of the adult male popula- 

 tion of British India, as to occupations, is as 

 follows : 



OCCUPATIONS. Adult males. 



Officials and the professions 2,404,855 



Domestic service 4,137,429 



Agriculture 87,462.220 



Commerce 3,440,951 



Industries 8,746,503 



Laborers 8,174,600 



Independent and non-productive 2,264,858 



Total 66,681,416 



