IOWA. 



ITALY. 



433 



ing railroad and telegraph monopolies to determine 

 the rates for transporting persons or property over 

 railroads or for the use of telegraphs, and hold that 

 all corporations created by law should be governed by 

 law in the interest of the people, and we regard the 

 Iowa Kailroad Commission as a willful and inten- 

 tional hindrance to that end. 



6. We are opposed to the monopoly of land, and 

 demand that all public lands, including those forfeit- 

 ed by non-compliance with law, shall be held for 

 actual settlers. 



7. We hold that the representatives of labor have 

 the right to combine, to protect all their constitutional 

 rights, and that they should be protected by law in 

 the exercise of that right. 



8. That our present laws for the granting of patents 

 should be so amended as to prevent the courts from 

 assessing damages against innocent purchasers, who 

 in open market purchase any patented article, which 

 may be an infringement on any other patent. 



9. We are opposed to all monopolies, and are in 

 favor of equal rights, equal taxation, and equal bene- 

 fits for all, with special privileges for none ? and we 

 hold that that is the best government wherein an in- 

 jury to one concerns all. 



10. We favor a revision of the tariff laws in the 

 interest of American labor, and not in the interest of 

 corporations and monopolies. 



11. We urge upon all anti-monopolists of this State 

 to consider the utter hopelessness of obtaining the 

 relief by them demanded at the hands of either of the 

 old parties, and request them to unite with us to assist 

 in gaming these ends, and we pledge them to make 

 that question one of great prominence, and that our 

 candidates shall constantly labor to secure these de- 

 sired reforms. 



ELECTION RETURNS. The election in No- 

 vember resulted in the choice of the Republi- 

 can ticket. The following is the vote : 



Secretary of State : J. A. T. Hull, 149,051 ; 

 T. O. Walker, 112,180; William Gaston, 30,- 

 817 ; scattering, 350. 



Auditor of State : John L. Brownj 148,396 ; 

 William Thompson, 112,211; D. A. Wyantt, 

 30,830 ; scattering, 342. 



Treasurer of State: Edwin H. Conger, 148,- 

 329; John Foley, 112,561; George Derr, 30,- 

 209 ; scattering, 340. 



Attorney-General : Smith McPherson, 148,- 

 344; J. H. Brennerman, 112,427; James A. 

 Rice, 30,867; scattering, 329. 



Judge of Supreme Court: William H. 

 Seevers, 149,220 ; Charles E. Bronson, 112,- 

 060 ; M. H. Jones, 27,865 ; scattering, 347. 



Clerk of Supreme Court : Gilbert H. Pray, 

 148,648; H. F. Bonarden, 112,087; E. N. 

 Clark, 29,514; scattering, 375. 



Supreme Court Reporter : Ezra C. Ebersole, 

 148,710; L. A. Palmer, 112,494; J. H. Will- 

 iamson, 27,175; scattering, 28. 



Eight Republican Congressmen were elected, 

 two Democratic (Second and Ninth Districts), 

 and one Greenback (Fourth District). 



TORNADO. On the 17th of June, one of the 

 most destructive tornadoes on record swept 

 over central Iowa. Its greatest devastation 

 seems to have been wrought at Grinnell, where 

 a considerable part of the town, including the 

 buildings of Iowa College, was destroyed, 

 and many persons were killed and wounded. 

 Throughout its course over one hundred per- 

 sons are said to have been killed^ while the loss 

 VOL. xxii. 28 A 



of property was estimated at $2,000,000 to $3,- 

 000,000. 



ITALY, a kingdom of Southern Europe, 

 constituted in 1861, when Victor Emanuel as- 

 sumed for himself and his descendants the title 

 of King of Italy, and proclaimed the Consti- 

 tution granted by his father, Charles Albert, 

 to Sardinia in 1848. The executive power 

 is vested in the sovereign, and is exercised 

 through responsible ministers. The legislative 

 power belongs jointly to the two Houses of 

 the Legislature and the King. The Senate is 

 composed of an unlimited number of members, 

 nominated by the King, the conditions of their 

 nomination being the occupancy of an impor- 

 tant office, distinction acquired in literature, 

 science, or other honorable occupation, or the 

 payment of 3,000 lire, or francs, in taxes annu- 

 ally. In the Chamber of Deputies a member 

 is allowed for every 40,000 inhabitants. The 

 Deputies are elected by ballot, every citizen 

 over twenty-five years of age who pays taxes 

 amounting to forty lire yearly being entitled 

 to vote. The lower ranks of officials and the 

 ordained clergy are ineligible. Senators and 

 Deputies serve without indemnity. The num- 

 ber of Senators in 1880 was 270, and the num- 

 ber of Deputies in 1881, 508. Legislation can 

 originate in either House, but the Chamber of 

 Deputies has the exclusive right to vote money. 



The King, Humbert I, born March 14^ 1844, 

 the eldest son of Victor Emanuel, succeeded 

 to the throne January 9, 1878. 



The Ministry, formed May 29,. 1881 r is com- 

 posed as follows : President of the Council and 

 Minister of the Interior, Agostino Depretis; 

 Minister of Finance, Agostino Magliani ; Min- 

 ister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs, Gi- 

 acomo Zanardelli ; Minister of Foreign: Affairs, 

 P. S. Mancini ; Minister of War, General Edu- 

 ardo Ferrero; Minister of Marine, Vice- Ad- 

 miral Baron F. Acton; Minister of Public 

 Works, Antonio Baccarini; Minister of Agri- 

 culture, Industry, and Commerce, D.. Berti, 

 successor to Carlo Miceli ; Minister of Public 

 Instruction, Giambattista Baccelli. 



STATISTICS. The total population of Italy, 

 according to the census of December 31, 1881, 

 and of each of the main political divisions, with 

 their areas in square kilometres (one square kilo- 

 metre = 0-386 square mile), were as follow :; 



