ITALY. 



435 



sages. The receipts amounted to 12,051,308 

 lire. 



COMMERCE. The special imports in 1881 

 amounted to 1,225,600,000 lire, the exports to 

 1,192,300,000 lire, as compared with 1,225,- 

 600,000 lire of imports and 1,132,300,000 of 

 exports in 1880; 1,261,700,000 lire of imports 

 and 1,170,000,000 of exports in 1879; 1,070,- 

 600,000 lire of imports and 1,045,300,000 of 

 exports in 1878 ; 1,156,300,000 lire of imports 

 and 953,200,000 of exports in 1877 ; and 1,327,- 

 200,000 lire of imports and 1,216,800,000 lire 

 of exports in 1876. The falling off of exports 

 in 1876 was due to a deficient harvest, the 

 second in three years. Of the imports of 1881, 

 cereals stood for 70,400,000 lire, which were 

 nearly balanced by the exports ; while in the 

 preceding year the imports were 163,400,000 

 lire, and the exports 76,200,000 lire. The ex- 

 ports of wines, etc., amounted to 64,900,000 

 lire, against 51,000,000 lire the year before; 

 the imports to 7,200,000, against 17,200,000 

 lire. Tropical produce was imported to the 

 amount of 85,800,000 lire, against 65,000,000 

 lire the year before ; tobacco to the amount 

 of 17,700,000 lire. The exports of fruits, etc., 

 amounted to 59,900,000 lire. The exports of 

 animal-food products amounted to 85,300,000 

 lire, a decrease of 17,600,000 lire; the imports 

 to 90,700,000 lire, an increase of 11,400,000 

 lire. The total imports of articles of consump- 

 tion amounted to 290,000,000 lire, a decrease 

 of 76,600,000 lire; the total exports to 286,- 

 600,000 lire, a decrease of 9,400,000 lire. The 

 total imports of raw materials amounted to 

 341,900,000 lire, a decrease of 56,700,000 lire; 

 the exports to 418,800,000 lire, a decrease of 

 3,300,000 lire. The coal imports, which 

 amounted to 60,700,000 lire in 1880, almost 

 ceased, and the metal imports declined from 

 57,900,000 lire to 36,200,000 lire. Textile ma- 

 terials, of the value of 194,600,000 lire, showed 

 slight, and minerals, hides, etc., larger incre- 

 ments. The export of silk makes up the bulk 

 of the exports of raw materials, the exports 

 under the head of textile materials amounting 

 in 1881 to 351,800,000 lire, being 6,800,000 lire 

 more than the preceding year. The imports 

 of manufactured articles amounted to 262,500,- 

 000 lire, a decrease of 23,500,000 lire ; the ex- 

 ports to 118,200,000 lire, a decrease of 62,100,- 

 000 lire. There was a smaller importation of 

 plant and partly manufactured articles, and an 

 increased importation of articles for consump- 

 tive use. The imports of the miscellaneous 

 class amounted to 344,500,000 lire, an increase 

 of nearly 200,000,000 lire, and the exports to 

 340,900,000 lire, an increase of nearly 66,000,- 

 000 lire. The efforts to return to a specie basis 

 increased the imports of precious metals from 

 39,500,000 to 93,100,000 lire, while the exports 

 were 27,800,000 lire, against 28,900,000 lire. ^ 



The commercial intercourse with the princi- 

 pal foreign countries is shown in the following 

 table, giving the imports from and the exports 

 to each in millions of lire : 



The total number of vessels engaged in for- 

 eign commerce entering Italian ports in 1881 

 was 16,294, of 4,781,130 tons, of which 10,015, 

 of 1,463,644 tons, sailed under the Italian flag; 

 12,911, of 3,881,172 tons, were laden; and 

 4,508, of 3,539,879 tons, were steamers, among 

 them 979 Italian steamers, of 663,535 tons. 

 The number departing was 15,663, of 4,429,872 

 tons, of which 10,860, of 2,980,280 tons, were 

 laden, and 4,251, of 3,169,703 tons, steamers. 

 The number of arrivals in the coasting-trade 

 was 93,890, of 11,334,633 tons ; the number of 

 departures, 93,751, of 11,525,069 tons. Of the 

 arrivals, 90,153, of 8,676,214 tons, were Italian, 

 and 20,516, of 8,990,990 tons, steamers. The 

 above returns do not include 352,235 vessels 

 which put into port from necessity. The num- 

 ber of vessels registered in Italy was, in 1881, 

 7,815, of 989,057 tons, against 7,980, of 990,- 

 196 tons, in 1880. The sail-ships decreased 

 from 7,822, of 922,146 tons, to 7,639, of 895,- 

 359 tons ; the steamers increased from 158, of 

 77,050 tons, to 176, of 93,698 tons. 



ARMY AND NAVY. The Italian army is con- 

 stituted on the system of universal liability to 

 arms. Enough young men to keep up the act- 

 ive army are called into the service every year. 

 The rest are drilled for forty days and enrolled 

 in the reserve. The time of service in the 

 standing army is three years in the infantry 

 and five years in the cavalry. The carabinieri 

 and certain of the administrative troops have 

 the option of prolonging their time to eight 

 years, which releases them from further lia- 

 bility to service. The time is reduced to one 

 year, as in Germany, for such as are able to 

 pass the requisite examination. By a law 

 passed June 9, 1882, the war effective was 

 augmented by 100,000 men. The army is 

 now organized as follows : 



STANDING ARMY. Ninety-six regiments of 

 infantry of the line and 12 regiments of bersa- 

 glieri, each regiment with 3 battalions of 4 

 companies and a depot, besides 6 regiments of 

 Alpine troops, and 98 companies distributed 

 over 87 military districts ; 22 regiments of cav- 

 alry, each of 6 squadrons and a depot, besides 

 5 depots of remount; 12 regiments of field- 

 artillery, each of 10 batteries, with 3 compa- 

 nies of train and a depot, 2 brigades of new 

 flying artillery, of 2 batteries each, 5 regiments 

 of heavy artillery, of 12 fortress or coast bat- 

 teries and a depot each, and 2 brigades of 



