436 



ITALY. 



mountain-artillery of 4 batteries each, besides 

 5 companies of artificers and 1 of veterans ; 4 

 regiments of engineers, comprising 2 of sap- 

 pers, 1 of pontonniers, and 1 of railroad and 

 telegraph troops ; and 1 1 territorial legions of 

 carabiuieri, besides 1 ofettves. There are in the 

 departmental services 4 companies in the in- 

 valid corps, 12 in the sanitary corps, and 12 in 

 the commissariat, besides the personnel of the 

 paymaster's department, the veterinary corps, 

 the corps of administration, and the establish- 

 ments and institutions of instruction, with 15 

 companies and 2 houses of correction connected 

 with the penitentiary establishments. 



MOBILE MILITIA. Forty-eight regiments of 

 line infantry, with 3 battalions of 4 companies 

 each, 18 battalions of bersaglieri, of 4 compa- 

 nies each, and 36 companies of Alpine troops; 

 13 brigades of field-artillery, of four batteries 

 each, 32 companies of artillery for fortress and 

 coast service, and 4 batteries of mountain-artil- 

 lery ; 25 companies of engineers, formed into 

 5 brigades of sappers, 1 of pontonniers, 1 of 

 railroad troops, and 1 of telegraphists ; 12 com- 

 panies in the sanitary service and 12 in the 

 commissariat ; and the special militia of Sar- 

 dinia, consisting of 3 regiments of line infantry, 

 1 battalion of bersaglieri, 1 squadron of cav- 

 alry, 1 brigade of field-artillery, etc. 



TERRITORIAL MILITIA. Three hundred and 

 twenty battalions of infantry, of 4 companies 

 each ; 30 battalions of Alpine troops, forming 

 72 companies; 100 companies of heavy artil- 

 lery, and 30 of engineers. The territorial mili- 

 tia is required to drill only thirty days every 

 four years, but may be called into camp for a 

 portion of this time every year. 



The nominal war effective of the Italian army 

 was 1,990,000 men; 690,000 in the standing 

 army, 300,000 in the mobile militia, and 1,000,- 

 000 in the territorial militia. The new law 

 adds 100,000 by increasing the annual contin- 

 gent of the standing army. The effective on 

 September 30, 1881, was as follows : 



Standing army : 



Infantry 251,1 52 



Military districts 264,007 



Alpine companies 16,050 



Bersaglieri 42,741 



Cavalry 86,012 



Artillery 62,544 



Engineers 14,763 



Carabinieri 19,637 



Subsidiary services 12,096 



Officers 14,710 



Total 733,712 



Mobile militia : 



Line and bersaglieri 267.067 



Artillery 22,606 



Engineers 8,068 



Officers 2,340 



Total 295,081 



Territorial militia 825,084 



Total war footing 1,856,036 



The navy consisted in 1881 of 72 vessels. 

 (See NAVIES OF EUROPE.) 

 ^ FINANCES. There have been annual deficits 

 since the establishment of the kingdom, aver- 



aging nearly 500,000,000 lire, or francs, be- 

 tween 1863 and 1868, and over 200,000,000 

 lire from the latter year down to 1876. The 

 deficits have been much smaller of recent years, 

 and shown a tendency to decline, the accounts 

 for 1878 actually exhibiting a small surplus. 

 The financial estimates have almost invariably 

 overstated the revenue, while the expenditures 

 turned out to be greater than was calculated, 

 mainly on account of the excessive disburse- 

 ments for the army. There was a saving on 

 the estimated expenditures of 6,000,000 lire and 

 an increased productiveness of the taxes of 43,- 

 000,000 beyond the estimated amount. The 

 income tax, the register and stamp duties, the 

 grist-tax, the building-tax, and the customs, all 

 showed augmented receipts, the increase in the 

 custom-house receipts amounting to nearly 19,- 

 000,000 lire. The tobacco duties and the oc- 

 trois, in which the state shares, showed, on 

 the other hand, a falling off. 



The budget estimates for 1882 place the 

 ordinary receipts at 1,360,842,338 lire, the or- 

 dinary expenditures at 1,321,405,359, and the 

 extraordinary receipts at 837,061,690 and ex- 

 penditures at 857,998,509 lire; total receipts 

 2,197,904,028, and expenditures 2,179,403,868 

 lire, leaving an estimated surplus of 18,500,160. 

 The large increase over the receipts and ex- 

 penditures of the foregoing years is due to the 

 raising of a loan of 650,440,000 lire and its ap- 

 plication to the resumption of specie payments. 

 The product of direct taxes, embracing the 

 land, -building, and personal property taxes, is 

 estimated at 381,627,451 lire; of stamps, regis- 

 try and succession duties, tax on railroad re- 

 ceipts, etc., 169,021,900 lire; of state and ec- 

 clesiastical funds, 27,228,750 lire ; of customs 

 duties, imposts on the manufacture of beer, 

 powder, etc., monopolies of tobacco and salt, 

 octrois, and grist-tax, 472,199,245 lire ; of the 

 state lottery, 72,500,000 lire ; of the railroads, 

 telegraphs, posts, and other public services, 

 116,201,825 ; from other sources, 17,823,559; 

 compensatory, or repayable receipts, 94,237,- 

 608. Of the extraordinary receipts, 28,957,305 

 lire come from the sale of ecclesiastical prop- 

 erty, domains, etc., 28,886,688 from the recov- 

 ery of debts, 668,077,185 from new loans, and 

 102,188,317 from funds for the construction of 

 new railroads. The interest on the consoli- 

 dated debt consumes 428,393,509 lire of the 

 ordinary expenditures; interest on the tem- 

 porary debt, 42,077,218 ; liquidation of debts, 

 41,915,039; annuities for the purchase of rail- 

 roads in Upper Italy, 28,981,095 ; the floating 

 debt, 42,869,714; pensions, 21,374,024; civil 

 list and appanages, 15,250,000; expenses of col- 

 lection and administration, 133,233,800. The 

 annual dotation of 3,225,000 lire, granted to 

 the Supreme Pontiff, has been refused by the 

 present as well as the late Pope, and is paid 

 over to the ecclesiastical fund. 



The public debt amounted to 2,439,000,000 

 lire in 1860, the year before the consolidation 

 of the monarchy. The constant deficits had 



