504 MANUFACTURES OF THE U. S. 



MARYLAND. 



there is found, other things equal, the power of 

 producing at the lowest cost. 



" Let us see how this is borne out by the 

 foregoing table : 



" First, take individual instances. New York, 

 which is first in gross aggregate production, as 

 it is also first in the number of hands employed 

 and aggregate amount of wages paid, falls to 

 fourteenth in respect to average annual prod- 

 uct per hand employed. Philadelphia, which 

 is second in the three respects first indicated, 

 falls to eighteenth. Chicago, which ranks third 

 in each of the three respects first indicated, 

 falls to seventh in the last respect, moving in 

 the same' direction, though not so far as either 

 New York or Philadelphia, probably because 

 of the higher rate of interest and the greater 

 risk to capital in a newer city. Boston, which 

 is fifth in aggregate gross product, becomes 

 eleventh in average annual product per hand 

 employed ; Baltimore falls from eighth to twen- 

 tieth; Cincinnati, from seventh to sixteenth, 

 etc. 



" On the other hand, San Francisco, the single 

 large city of its coast, with markets all its own, 

 is only tenth in aggregate gross product, but 

 becomes first in what we may call individual 

 product, i. e., average annual product per hand 

 employed; Washington, which can hardly be 

 called a manufacturing city, doing little more 

 than to supply its own market, rises from 

 twentieth (column 3) to sixth (column 4) ; New 

 Orleans, with manufactures aggregating only 

 about eighteen millions, rises from nineteenth 

 to tenth; Jersey City, whose manufactures, 

 exclusive of meat-packing and sugar-refining, 

 scarcely exceed eighteen millions, rises from 

 twelfth to third, etc. 



" There are some apparent exceptions to this 

 rule, such as Brooklyn, St. Louis, Pittsburg, 

 and Providence, which, while large and pros- 

 perous manufacturing cities, move, though but 

 slightly, in the direction of a higher relative 

 rank in column 4 than in column 3 ; yet, if we 

 name the cities which change more than one 

 point in either direction, it will at once appear 

 that the great weight of manufacturing power 

 is on the side of those which stand relatively 

 higher in respect to aggregate gross production 

 than on the side of those which reverse the re- 

 lation. 



" 1. Those cities which stand higher in col- 

 umn 3 than in column 4, by more than one 

 point, are New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, 

 Boston, Cincinnati, Baltimore, Cleveland, and 

 Milwaukee. 



" 2. Those cities which stand higher in col- 

 umn 4 than in column 3, by more than one 

 point, are Brooklyn, St. Louis, Pittsburg, San 

 Francisco, Jersey City, Buffalo, Providence, 

 Louisville, New Orleans, Washington. 



" The aggregate manufacturing production of 

 the first class of cities is considerably more 

 than twice that of the second. 



' t ' Were we to limit our enumeration to those 

 cities which change more than two points, we 



should lose from the former list only Cleve- 

 land, while we should lose from the latter list 

 the two cities which constitute by far its most 

 important members, Brooklyn and St. Louis. 

 The former class would then show an aggre- 

 gate manufacturing product of nearly four 

 times the latter." 



MARSH, GEORGE PEEKINS, LL. D., an Amer- 

 can diplomatist and author, born in Wood- 

 stock, Vt., March 15, 1801; died suddenly 

 in Vallambrosa, Italy, July 24, 1882. Having 

 received a proper preparatory training, young 

 Marsh entered Dartmouth College, and gradu- 

 ated with honor in 1820. He then studied 

 law at Burlington, Vt., was admitted to the 

 bar, and speedily obtained large practice. He 

 was also active in political affairs, and in 1835 

 was elected a member of the Legislature of his 

 native State. In 1842 he became a member of 

 Congress, and remained such for seven years. 

 In 1849 President Taylor appointed him United 

 States Minister to Turkey, a position which he 

 filled to the entire satisfaction of the Govern- 

 ment, and the best interests of the country and 

 people to which he was accredited. While in 

 Turkey he was charged (in 1852) with a special 

 and important mission to Greece. Returning 

 home, in December, 1853, he served as Com- 

 missioner of Railroads for Vermont. In March, 

 1861, Mr. Marsh was appointed by President 

 Lincoln Envoy Extraordinary and Minister 

 Plenipotentiary to Italy, a post which he well 

 and worthily occupied for the remaining 

 twenty-one years of his life, ever watchful of 

 the interests of his own country, and honored 

 and esteemed by the Government and people 

 of Italy. 



In addition to his public duties, Mr. Marsh 

 also served the cause of good letters by preparing 

 and publishing a number of useful works ; viz. : 

 "A Compendious Grammar of the Old Northern 

 or Icelandic Language," compiled and translated 

 from the grammar of Rask (1838); "The 

 Camel, his Organization, Habits, and Uses, 

 considered with Reference to his Introduction 

 into the United States " (1856) ; " Lectures on 

 the English Language" (1861); "Origin and 

 History of the English Language, and of the 

 Early Literature it embodies" (1862); "Man 

 and Nature " (1864), subsequently revised and 

 improved, and published under the title " The 

 Earth as modified by Human Action" (1874). 

 The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him 

 by his Alma Mater in 1860. He also published 

 at different times a number of lectures, speech- 

 es, and addresses, which evidence his zeal and 

 activity in good works. 



MARYLAND. State officers: Governor, 

 William T. Hamilton ; Treasurer, Barnes Comp- 

 ton ; Comptroller, Thomas J. Keating ; Attor- 

 ney-General, C. J. M. Gwinn; Warden of the 

 Penitentiary, J. W. Horn ; State Superintend- 

 ent of Public Schools. M. A. Newell ; Presi- 

 dent of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Lewis 

 Cass Smith (elected in August to succeed Ar- 

 thur P. Gorman, resigned) ; State Tax Com- 



