OBITUAKIES, FOREIGN". 



647 



He was preparing a systematic treatise on 

 economics, but lost his notes in 1872, and was 

 not able to complete the work before his death. 



MANTEUFFEL, Baron OTHO THEODOE VON, 

 Prussian statesman, died November 27th. He 

 was born February 3, 1805. After studying at 

 Halle, he entered the public service in 1827. 

 He rose through various civil and diplomatic 

 positions to he Minister of the Interior under 

 Count Brandenburg, in 1848, and took a con- 

 spicuous part in the suppression of the revolu- 

 tion. During the reactionary period of the 

 '50's Manteuffel was prominent in the coun- 

 cils of the state. As director of the foreign 

 policy he humbled his country before Eussia 

 and Austria, but assumed a firmer tone in the 

 peace negotiations at Paris in 1856. The re- 

 actionary policy was cut short, and Baron 

 Manteuffel permanently excluded from public 

 affairs, upon the assumption of the regency by 

 the present Emperor, in 1858. 



OSBORNE, BERNAL, English politician, died 

 January 4th. Descended from a family of He- 

 brew merchants, his father was Ralph Bernal. 

 The son took the name of Osborne upon his 

 marriage with an Irish heiress of that name. 

 He was Secretary to the Admiralty under the 

 Administration of Lord Aberdeen and under 

 Lord Palmerston, until he lost his seat as 

 member for Middlesex. Bernal Osborne was 

 the Liberal wit of the House of Commons, but 

 sometimes directed his sarcasms against his 

 own party. 



PALMER, Professor, an English Oriental 

 scholar, was killed by Arabs, together with two 

 officers, while visiting the tribes of the desert 

 near Suez in quest of military information. 

 He was born at Cambridge in 1840. He com- 

 menced life as a clerk in London, but had al- 

 ready begun the study of Arabic. After sev- 

 eral years he abandoned commerce and stud- 

 ied at Cambridge University. He received the 

 professorship of Arabic. He made several ad- 

 venturous journeys in the East. In the last 

 ten years of his life he published dictionaries of 

 Arabic and Persian, grammars of various lan- 

 guages, a translation of the New Testament 

 into Persian and of the Koran into English, 

 and many other works. 



RAFF, JOACHIM, a prolific Swiss composer; 

 died at Frankfort, June 25th. Born at Lachen, 

 in Switzerland, May 27, 1824, he commenced 

 life as a school-teacher, but embraced the mu- 

 sical profession on the strength of the favor- 

 able comments elicited from famous musicians 

 hy his first compositions. Although an advo- 

 cate of the new school of music, which he de- 

 fended in an able pamphlet on "The "Wagner 

 Question," he cultivated various styles and 

 classes of music, with an eye to immediate suc- 

 cess and popularity. He was a successful song- 

 writer, less successful in his three operas, hut 

 a masterly composer of instrumental music of 

 a high order, his chief productions being the 

 symphony " Im Walde " and his celebrated 

 " Leonora " symphony. 



ROSSETTI, DANTE GABRIEL, painter and poet ; 

 died April 9th, at the age of fifty-four. He was 

 the son of a noted Italian poet, who came to 

 England as a political refugee. He became 

 one of the most conspicuous representatives of 

 the pre-Raphaelite school in art. He was a 

 supremely gifted colorist, and as a delineator 

 of female beauty he realized a type which con- 

 trasted strikingly with the conventional Aca- 

 demic prettiness. As a poet he employed lan- 

 guage and rhythm to convey artistic impres- 

 sions, and was the most typical and masterly 

 of the modern sensuous school of English poets. 

 The so-called aesthetic movement received its 

 impulse and direction principally from the gen- 

 ius of Dante Rossetti. 



RUSSEL, SCOTT, English engineer ; died June 

 8th, in the Isle of Wight, at the age of seventy- 

 four. He was the son of a Scottish clergyman, 

 and was destined for the Church, but was al- 

 lowed to enter a workshop and follow his me- 

 chanical taste. He afterward studied in Edin- 

 burgh University, and when only twenty-four 

 years old filled provisionally the chair of Natural 

 Philosophy. He began at this time researches 

 into the nature of waves, with a view to im- 

 prove the models of vessels. He discovered the 

 wave of translation and developed the wave-line 

 system of naval architecture. He was placed 

 at the head of the great ship-yards at Greenock 

 to introduce this system of instruction. In his 

 own works on the Thames he built other ves- 

 sels on the new system, among them the Great 

 Eastern, in which another improvement of his 

 invention, the longitudinal double-skin princi- 

 ple, was applied. Scott Russel was one of the 

 first advocates of iron-clad war -vessels, and 

 designed some of the first ironclads built for 

 the British Government. His last work in 

 naval architecture was the steamer to trans- 

 port railroad - trains across the Lake of Con- 

 stance. He planned important works in civil 

 engineering, among them the dome for the 

 Vienna Exhibition of 1873, a new high-level 

 bridge across the Thames at London, etc. 



SCHWANN, THEODOR, German scientist; died 

 at Liege, in January. He was born at Neuss, 

 near Dusseldorf, December 7, 1810. He was as- 

 sistant to Johannes Mtlller in the Anatomical 

 Museum in Berlin from 1834 to 1839, then Pro- 

 fessor of Anatomy at Louvain, and since 1848 

 at Lie"ge. Schwann was the author of the cell- 

 theory, which was announced in 1839, and 

 marks an epoch in biological science. 



THOMSON, Sir CHARLES WYVILLE, English 

 scientist ; died March 10th. at the age of fifty- 

 one years. He was the son of a surgeon, and 

 was educated at Edinburgh University. He 

 filled professorships in the Universities of Aber- 

 deen, Cork, and Belfast. In 1867-'69 he took 

 part in dredging expeditions of the Porcupine 

 and Lightning, in 1870 took the chair of Pro- 

 fessor of Natural History at Edinburgh, and in 

 1872 took charge of the scientific department 

 of the Challenger expedition. He finished the 

 first volume of the report of the three years' 



