666 



OPIUM QUESTION IN CHINA AND INDIA. 



tain the same proportion of oleine and margarine in 

 summer as in winter, it having a larger proportion of 

 oleine in the winter, and having described the several 

 articles that I use, and to enable others skilled in the 

 art to make and use my discovery or invention, I will 

 now give my improved process for making butter for 

 winter and summer use. 



To manufacture butter for table use in the winter 

 by my improved process, I take and place in a suitable 

 vessel nine parts of oleine No. 2, one part of fruit or 

 nut oil, one part of solution lactic acid, one part of 

 loppered cream or milk, as hereinbefore described. I 

 then cause the same to be rapidly agitated with a re- 

 volving skeleton beater, until the whole assumes the 

 consistence of butter made of cream taken from cows' 

 milk, after which I add coloring matter, and then re- 

 move the mass upon a table or other suitable recepta- 

 cle, and then work it until all the fluid portions are 

 expressed. I then add salt to suit the taste, when it 

 will be ready for use. 



To manufacture the above for summer use ? I take 

 and place in a suitable vessel nine parts of oleine and 

 margarine No. 1, one part of margarine as obtained 

 from No. 1, one part ot solution lactic acid, one part 

 of loppered cream or milk, as hereinbefore described, 

 and proceed as I do in making the same for winter 

 use. 



What I claim as my invention, and desire to secure 

 by letters patent, is : 



1. The process of making artificial butter by mix- 

 ing together oleine and margarine from animal fats, 

 and from fruit and vegetable nuts : and lactic acid, 

 and loppered cream or milk, substantially as described. 



2. The process of making artificial butter by mixing 

 together oleine and margarine from animal fats, and 

 lactic acid, and loppered cream or milk, substantially 

 as described. 



3. The process of preventing artificial butter from 

 becoming deteriorated before use, and giving it a bu- 

 tyraceous consistence, by mixing with it lactic acid, 

 substantially as described. GARRET COSINE. 



Witnesses : JOHN K. LEFFERTS, E. W. COSINE. 



By a comparison in detail of what is set forth 

 in the Cosine specification with the processes 

 described in previous pages as forming the 

 Mege patent, the reader can judge of the merits 

 of the course pursued by each, and the results 

 thus far attained. Whether oleomargarine but- 

 ter is to be a permanent industry, may perhaps 

 be open to doubt ; but it has capital and enter- 

 prise enough embarked in it to give it a fair 

 and thorough trial. 



OPIUM QUESTION IN CHINA AND IN- 

 DIA. The Chinese Government have lately 

 appealed to Great Britain for release from 

 the tyrannous conditions exacted as the result 

 of the two opium wars by which they are re- 

 strained from prohibiting the import of, or 

 placing deterrent duties upon, Indian opium. 

 The Chefoo convention, which the British Gov- 

 ernment has refused to ratify, and the treaties 

 with the United States and with Russia, in 

 which stipulations against the importation of 

 the drug were inserted, indicate a determina- 

 tion to grapple with the Chinese national vice 

 with more energy than they have yet shown ; 

 though the anti-opium clauses in the two treaties 

 were placed there merely for effect, and the task 

 is almost hopeless until the British and Indian 

 Governments grant them the release for which 

 they pray. Outside of official circles there is 

 a growing sentiment in favor of allowing the 

 Chinese to attempt the suppression of the vice 



and removing the immoral treaty obligations 

 which tie their hands ; but the $40,000,000 of 

 Indian opium revenue is an argument which 

 weighs with the British public almost as 

 strongly as with the . responsible statesmen, as 

 its loss would probably have to be made good 

 out of the pocket of the British tax-payer. 

 The Society for the Suppression of the Opium 

 Trade, in recommending that the culture, which 

 is carried on in Bengal under Government su- 

 pervision, should be confined to supplying the 

 demand for medicinal purposes, boldly propose 

 to have the derangement which would follow 

 in Indian finances averted by raising the rev- 

 enue in Great Britain the only rational solu- 

 tion of the problem. The people of England 

 naturally listen favorably to every objection, 

 reasonable or specious, to a step which involves 

 the payment of taxes for the benefit of their 

 fellow-subjects in India a reversal of con- 

 ditions to which, perhaps, no considerations 

 of morality or national honor can force 

 them. 



The sincerity of the Chinese Government in 

 their efforts to exterminate the opium-traffic 

 are at once called in question. If they are in 

 earnest, why do they not suppress the cultiva- 

 tion of the poppy in China ? The only object 

 of the Chinese is declared to be the transfer ot 

 the opium revenue from the Indian Exchequer 

 to their own, or the protection of the native 

 opium. Such motives, which would be suffi- 

 cient for any government not wearing the yoke 

 of conquest, are considered iniquitous on the 

 part of the Chinese. But when an honest pur- 

 pose to destroy the evil which is sapping the 

 vigor and morality of the Chinese people is 

 made apparent, Sir George Birdwood and other 

 veterans of the Indian civil service bring scien- 

 tific arguments to prove that the debasing nar- 

 cotic is really a blessing to the Chinese. The 

 Rajpoots and Sikhs of India are instanced as 

 vigorous races who are addicted to the exces- 

 sive use of opium ; but its baleful effects are 

 officially recognized in India in the laws prohib- 

 iting its sale ; and when its destructive influ- 

 ence became recently apparent in British Bur- 

 mah, energetic measures were taken by the 

 Indian Government to uproot the evil. It is 

 only in China that the British apologists, with 

 no foreign scientists and no Chinese authority 

 of any kind to support them, contend that the 

 opium-habit is beneficial. It supplanted spirit- 

 uous liquors in China. The Indian opium is 

 much weaker in the narcotic alkaloids than the 

 Turkish drug. Chinese opium is more harm- 

 less still. The Chinese do not eat opium nor 

 drink laudanum or morphia, but smoke " chan- 

 doo," an extract obtained by long boiling the 

 preparation sold in the bazaars, which is already 

 greatly weakened in narcotic power by various 

 admixtures. The narcotic principles can not 

 be inhaled in the single puff of smoke that 

 comes from the pill which burns with a flash 

 in the opium-pipe, because the alkaloids are 

 not volatilizable. The resinous properties seem 



