PENNSYLVANIA. 



675 



lature in 1881, for annual expenditure, sums as 

 follow : 



Educational $1,463,764 15 



Penal 367,198 75 



Charitable 681,654 35 



Total $2,512,617 25 



EDUCATION. The annual expenditures of all 

 kinds for public schools were $8,263,244.54. 

 The value of school-property is $28,346,560. 



Appropriation by the State to the common 



schools $1,000,000 00 



Normal schools 82,000 00 



Soldiers' Orphan Schools 881,764 15 



Total $1,463,764 15 



The number of school-directors is 15,000 ; 

 there are nearly 22,000 teachers, and the num- 

 ber of pupils enrolled is 950,000. To these 

 extensive agencies may be added the numer- 

 ous academies, colleges, and universities which 

 are supported by voluntary contributions and 

 private patronage. "I concur," says the Gov- 

 ernor, " in the recommendation of the su- 

 perintendent, that the minimum time during 

 which the public schools should be open each 

 year should be enlarged to six months ; as also 

 that the appropriation made by the State to 

 each district should be distributed on the basis 

 of the average number of children in attend- 

 ance, rather than on the basis of taxables in 

 the respective districts, as is now the law. The 

 State Normal Schools will doubtless be con- 

 strained to present their condition and their 

 claims to the Legislature. Some of them are 

 badly involved in debt, and others, which have 

 contracted no serious indebtedness, are with- 

 out adequate equipment." 



The Soldiers' Orphans' Schools are now, by 

 law, under the superintendency of the Depart- 

 ment of Public Instruction. The reports show 

 them in a healthy condition, physically, intel- 

 lectually, and morally. There are now 2,963 

 children in these schools. By existing law it 

 is provided that they shall be finally closed on 

 June 1, 1885. It is estimated that at that date 

 there will be on their rolls 1,770 children. 



The number of school districts in the State 

 is 2,215 ; number of schools, 19,183 ; graded 

 schools, 7,812 ; school directors, 15,625 ; su- 

 perintendents, 102; male teachers, 9,051; fe- 

 male teachers, 12,778 ; average salaries of male 

 teachers per month, $35.12 ; female teachers, 

 $28.89 ; average length of school terms in 

 months, 6*99 ; number of pupils, 945,345 ; av- 

 erage number of pupils, 611,317; cost of tui- 

 tion, $4,863,717.91; cost of building, purchas- 

 ing, and renting, $1,329,232.03 ; cost of fuel, 

 contingencies, and interest paid, $2,058,294.- 

 64; State appropriation, $1,000,000 ; estimated 

 value of school-property, $28,341,560. As com- 

 pared with the preceding year, the increase 

 in the number of districts is 7 ; schools, 348 ; 

 grade schools, 555 ; decrease in number of male 

 teachers, 308 ; increase in number of female 

 teachers, 785 ; increase of salary of male teach- 

 ers per month, $1.46 ; decrease of salary of 

 female teachers, 14 cents ; increase of length 



of school term in months, '11 ; increase in num- 

 ber of pupils, 13,596 ; increase in average num- 

 ber of pupils, 13,596 ; increase in cost of tui- 

 tion, $146,701.41 ; increase in cost of building, 

 purchasing, and renting, $22,220.90; increase 

 in cost of fuel contingencies, debt and interest 

 paid, $59,617.26; increase in value of school- 

 property, $1,736,239. In Philadelphia there 

 were 2,113 schools, 81 male teachers, and 2,032 

 female teachers. The average salary of male 

 teachers was $120.53 per month, and of female 

 teachers $39.90. The number of pupils at the 

 close of the year was 102,185, and the average 

 attendance 91,894. 



PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. There are two peni- 

 tentiaries in the State one in Allegheny and 

 one in Philadelphia. The Western Peniten- 

 tiary has been in process of rebuilding for sev- 

 eral years, at a cost of several hundred thou- 

 sand dollars. The course of treatment pursued 

 there is that known as the congregate system. 



The Eastern Penitentiary has reached about 

 its limit of cell capacity. It is conducted on 

 the separate confinement or individual treat- 

 ment system. It has not met with the uniform 

 approval of those who claim to be specialists 

 in this branch of political economy, and social 

 science congresses occasionally assume to con- 

 demn its mode of dealing with its inmates. It 

 has, for more than fifty years, held consistently 

 to the statute creating it. " Much as the sys- 

 tem has been controverted, I deem it just," 

 says the Governor, "as one who has given 

 some attention to this subject, to say that for 

 convicts who have deliberately joined the crim- 

 inal class for those whose age or repeated 

 conviction render them amenable to punitive 

 rather than reformatory methods and for 

 those against whose violent passions or con- 

 firmed habits society can find no protection but 

 in incarceration, the separate system affords 

 the most complete opportunities of treatment, 

 and yields the best attainable results." 



There are two institutions in the State for 

 the reform of juvenile offenders the State 

 Reform School at Morganza, Washington 

 County, and the House of Refuge at Philadel- 

 phia. The latter is a private, corporation, to 

 which the State gives financial aid and official 

 inspection, but in which it has no administra- 

 tive control. It is fulfilling the purpose of its 

 erection with substantial success. 



The Reform School at Morganza was origi- 

 nally a local institution, but its property and 

 its control are now in the hands of the State. 

 The property consists of a valuable farm of 

 several hundred acres, in a high state of culti- 

 vation, well-constructed brick buildings, con- 

 taining family rooms, dormitories, and work- 

 shops, capable of accommodating about five 

 hundred boys and girls. 



The State has in operation five hospitals for 

 the care of the insane at Norristown, Har- 

 risburg, Danville, Warren, and Dixmont. The 

 latter is not strictly a State institution, but 

 receives liberal aid from the State. In them 



