684 



PERU AND BOLIVIA. 



country in one year. In 1877 the number of 

 ships that cleared from the port of Iquique 

 was 253. In 1878 the number of tons of ni- 

 trate exported from the ports of Tarapaca was 

 269,327. Other industries rapidly rose in im- 

 portance. The sugar estates on the coast were 

 worked by negro-slave labor until the emanci- 

 pation of 1855. Chinese laborers then began 

 to arrive, and over 58,000 landed between 1860 

 and 1872. In 1859 the sugar exported from 

 Peru was valued at 90,000 ; in 1876 it had 

 increased to 71,700 tons, valued at 1,219,000, 

 of which quantity 63,370 tons went to Great 

 Britain. A very excellent kind of cotton is 

 grown in the coast valleys, the value of the 

 crops in 1877 being estimated at 160,000 ; 

 and there are extensive vineyards. Rice is also 

 cultivated in the north, besides olives, mul- 

 berries, and cochineal. From the Andes the 

 staple exports are silver and wool." 



Respecting political events in 1882 Mr. Mark- 

 ham furnishes the ensuing general sketch: 

 " The Provisional President, Pierola, resigned 

 office in November, 1881, and, proceeding to 

 Lima as a private citizen, he has since left the 

 country. Generals Buendia and Silva retired 

 into private life at the same time. Admiral 

 Montero, in the forced absence of Dr. Garcia 

 Calderon, then became the head of the Peru- 

 vian Government as V ice-President in charge. 

 He remained for some time at Huaraz, in the 

 north of Peru; but in August, 1882, he went 

 to Arequipa, where he was enthusiastically 

 received. He proceeded to form a government. 

 Captain Camilo Carrillo became Minister of the 

 Interior; Dr. M. del Valle, of Foreign Affairs; 

 Dr. Epifanio Serpe, of Justice ; Dr. F .F. Oviedo, 

 of Finance; and Colonel Manuel Velarde, of 

 "War. Colonel Iglesias, the hero of the Morro 

 Solar, holds the military command in the north, 

 with his headquarters in the Department of 

 Caxamarca. He has summoned a representa- 

 tive assembly of the northern departments 

 to express their views regarding the terms of 

 peace. The indefatigable Caceres, now pro- 

 moted to the rank of general, is in command 

 in the central departments, actively engaged 

 in organizing an efficient force. At Arequipa 

 the accomplished Captain Camilo Carrillo as- 

 sembled a force of five thousand men, with 

 several guns, and received arms and ammuni- 

 tion by way of Bolivia. Since the arrival of 

 Vice-President Montero at Arequipa, and the 

 assumption of ministerial office by Captain 

 Carrillo, the command of the troops in the 

 south has been given to Colonel Belisario Sua- 

 rez. Colonel Canevaro, who had recovered 

 from the severe wound he received at the bat- 

 tle of Miraflores, has taken the command of 

 the National Guard. The Gcvernment of Peru 

 has thus been reorganized, after the interval ot 

 unavoidable confusion caused by the loss of the 

 capital, and the paralyzing calamity of January, 

 1881. Bolivia has remained loyally true to her 

 ally, and has also been occupied in the reor- 

 ganization of her army. In September, 1882, 



Montero proceeded to La Paz to have an inter- 

 view with General Campero, and the resolu- 

 tion of the allies seerns to be to hold out until 

 less hard and more just and reasonable terms of 

 peace can be obtained from Chili. As for the 

 Chilian occupation, enormous sums of money 

 have been extorted at Lima from private per- 

 sons, and a great number of leading citizens 

 have been seized and imprisoned or transported 

 to captivity in remote parts of Chili. The edu- 

 cational establishments, including the Colleges 

 of San Carlos and San Fernando, the School 

 of Arts, and the National Library, have been 

 converted into barracks, their treasures robbed 

 or destroyed. The Peruvian students now have 

 neither books, instruments, nor instruction. 

 Meanwhile predatory raids have been made by 

 the Chilians into the interior from several 

 points on the coast. Soon after the occupation 

 of Lima, Colonel Aristides Martinez, with an 

 adequate force, was landed at Chimbote, and 

 occupied the city of Truxillo. Another smaller 

 force took possession of Pacasmayo. A third 

 party made a dash at the silver-mines of the 

 Cerro Pasco, and penetrated as far as Huana- 

 co, where a revolting slaughter of half-armed 

 Indians was committed. In January, 1882, a 

 force of five thousand men occupied the val- 

 leys of Tarma and Jauja, under Colonel del 

 Canto, who placed garrisons in those towns, 

 as well as at the Oroya bridge, in Concepcion, 

 and in Huancayo. Other parties were sent to 

 Cafiete, Chinca, Pisco, and lea, apparently 

 with the sole object of plunder and useless 

 bloodshed. In the Andean valley of the 

 Jauja the descendants of the Huanca Indians 

 made a brave resistance to the predatory in- 

 cursions of the Chilian garrisons, armed only 

 with spears and slings, and were mercilessly 

 slaughtered, as their ancestors had been by 

 Pizarro. But help was at hand. General Ca- 

 ceres was actively engaged at Ayacucho dur- 

 ing the first months of the year 1882 in organ- 

 izing a force for the defense of the interior of 

 Peru. In July he was able to take the field. 

 Colonel del Canto, with the bulk of the Chilian 

 force, was at Huancayo, and there was a gar- 

 rison of seventy-seven men of the Chacabuco 

 regiment in the town of Concepcion. The 

 first encounter was at Marcabaya, a small vil- 

 lage, two leagues from Huancayo. The Peru- 

 vians then advanced to Concepcion, and, after 

 a long defense of the barracks, the Chilian 

 garrison was cut to pieces on July 9, 1882. 

 Del Canto then assembled the other garrisons 

 from Tarma, Juaja, and Huancayo, and re- 

 treated by way of Oroya to the terminus ot 

 the railroad at Chicla. He burned the town 

 of Concepcion to ashes, in revenge for the 

 Chilian reverse. 



" Meanwhile a small Peruvian force, under 

 Colonel Tafur, had crossed the Oroya and en- 

 camped on the heights of Chacapalca. He was 

 surprised by two hundred Chilian carbineers 

 under Lieutenant Stuven and forced to retreat 

 with a loss of forty-eight prisoners. The Pe- 



