696 



PORTUGAL. 



shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, 

 on conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not ex- 

 ceeding $5,000, or by imprisonment for a term not 

 exceeding; three years, or by such fine and imprison- 

 ment both, hi the discretion of the court. 



PORTUGAL, a monarchy in the south of 

 Europe. The Constitution accorded by Dom 

 Pedro IY, in 1826, was revised by the Cortes 

 in 1852. The legislative power resides in the 

 Cortes, which consists of two Chambers. The 

 Chamber of Peers numbers about 150 mem- 

 bers, nominated for life by the King. The 

 Chamber of Deputies has numbered, since 1878, 

 149 members, who are elected by the people. 

 The hereditary peerage was abolished in 1864. 

 The number of peers whom the sovereign can 

 appoint is not limited. The possession of an 

 academical degree and an income equal to 

 $1,500 confers eligibility. The franchise is 

 limited to citizens having a clear income of 

 $107. The Cortes meet and separate at fixed 

 dates. The King has no veto on legislation. 

 All laws concerning the army and general tax- 

 ation must originate in the Chamber of Depu- 

 ties. 



The King, Luis I, born October 31, 1838, 

 was the son of Maria II and Prince Ferdi- 

 nand of Saxe-Coburg. He has two sons, Carlos, 

 born in 1863, and Affonso, bora in 1865. He 

 succeeded his brother, Pedro Y, November 11, 

 1861. 



The executive authority is exercised in the 

 name of the King by a Cabinet divided into 

 seven d epartments and responsible to the Cortes. 

 The ministry formed November 16, 1881, is 

 composed as follows : President of the Council 

 and Minister of Finance, A. M. de Fontes Pereira 

 de Mello ; Minister of the Interior, T. Ribeiro da 

 Fonseca ; Minister of Justice and Worship, Dr. 

 J. Marques de Yillena ; Minister of War ad in- 

 terim, General A. M. Fontes Pereira de Mello ; 

 Minister of Marine and the Colonies, J. de Mello 

 Gouvea; Minister of Foreign Affairs, A. de 

 Serpa Pimentel; Minister of Public Works, 

 Commerce, and Industry, Dr. E. R. Hintz Ri- 

 beiro. 



AEEA AND POPULATION. Portugal contains 

 36,510 square miles, not including the Azores, 

 with an area of 966, and Madeira and Porto 

 Santo, with 317 square miles, which islands 

 form an integral part of the kingdom. The 

 population of continental Portugal, according 

 to the census of January 1, 1878, was 4,160,315 

 against 3,996,163 in 1868; the population of 

 the Azores in 1878, 259,800 ; of Madeira, 130,- 

 584; total population of the kingdom, 4,550,- 

 699. Of this total, 2,175,829 were of the male 

 and 2,374,870 of the female sex. The density 

 of population was 127 to the square mile. The 

 only towns of over 20,000 inhabitants were the 

 capital, Lisbon, with a population of 246,343 

 (including the suburbs of Belem, population 

 30,029, and Olivaes, population 28,910), and 

 the seaport Oporto, with 105,838 inhabitants. 



COLONIES. The colonial possessions of Port- 

 ugal have an aggregate area of about 694,400 



square miles, and an aggregate population esti- 

 mated at 3,333,700. Of this number 2,000,000 

 are the estimated population of the Angola 

 possessions in Africa, about 311,000 square 

 miles in extent ; 350,000 the estimated popu- 

 lation of the Mozambique possessions, 381,000 

 square miles in extent; and 300,000 that of 

 Timor, 6,200 miles in area. The Cape Yerd 

 Islands contained, in 1879, 99,317 inhabitants, 

 area 148 square miles ; St. Thomas and Prince's 

 Islands, in 1881, 21,037, area 415 square miles; 

 town of Macao, in China, in 1880, 59,959 ; Goa 

 and dependencies, in 1881, 419,993, area 1,250 

 square miles; Daman and its district, 48,838, 

 in 1881, area 30 square miles ; and Diu, in 1881, 

 12,636. 



COMMEECE. The largest share of the com- 

 merce of Portugal is with England, to which 

 it ships wine of about the average value of 

 $5,000,000 a year, and from which it receives 

 cotton goods of four fifths that value, and 

 which with the iron and woolen goods more 

 than balance the account. The total com- 

 merce in 1880 amounted to 34,948,000 milreis 

 of merchandise imports and 24,716,000 milreis 

 of exports. (The milreis or 1,000 reis is a gold 

 coin which was equal in value to the old Mexi- 

 can dollar, about $1.08.) There were cereals 

 imported of the value of 6,000,000 milreis, tex- 

 tile fabrics of the value of 5,738,000 milreis, 

 metals of the value of 4,544,000 milreis, ani- 

 mal food products of the value of 4,511,000 

 milreis, and tropical products of the value of 

 3,258,000 milreis. The chief exports were 

 wines of the value of 9,693,000 milreis, animal 

 food products of the value of 3,440,000 milreis, 

 woods of the value of 3,165,000 milreis, and 

 fruits, etc., of the value of 2,856,000 milreis. 

 Of the total imports of 1880, 15,233,000 mil- 

 reis came from Great Britain, 5,298,000 milreis 

 from the United States, and 4,140,000 milreis 

 from France; of the exports, 10,783,000 mil- 

 reis went to Great Britain and 5,964,000 mil- 

 reis to Brazil. 



The total commerce of 1881 was much small- 

 er, the imports amounting to 23,601, 000 milreis 

 and the exports to 13,588,000 milreis. The 

 imports of 1882 amounted to 24,875,000 and 

 the exports to 17,488,000 milreis. 



The merchant navy numbered, in 1881, 41 

 steamers and 412 sailing-vessels. The number 

 of vessels entering Portuguese ports in 1880, 

 including coast-traders, was 7,331 sail-ships 

 and 3,278 steamers. Somewhat less than 24 

 per cent of the tonnage was Portuguese. 



The length of railroads in operation in Octo- 

 ber, 1882, was 1,045 miles. The length of the 

 state telegraph lines at the end of 1880 was 

 2,730 miles, of wires 6,805 miles. The num- 

 ber of paid dispatches was 633,219, of which 

 379,802 were domestic, 139,301 foreign, and 

 114,116 in transit. The receipts were 247,463 

 milreis against 336,015 in 1 879. The total num- 

 ber of letters, papers, and postal-cards forwarded 

 by the post in 1881 was 35,677,441, including 

 14,600,096 domestic letters, 9,409,208 newspa- 



