RED-CROSS SOCIETIES AND THE LAWS OF WAR. 



715 



cent of stock and funded debt ; expenditures, 

 less interest on funded debt, 8-30 per cent of 

 stock and funded debt ; net income or profit, 

 4 - 91 per cent of stock and funded debt. If 

 those companies are only taken which report 

 net income, and those which report deficits are 

 excluded, then the net profit upon the stock 

 and funded debt of such companies in the 

 United States will average 5-2 per cent. The 

 financial results are: 



Gross earnings $580,450,594 



Transportation expenses 352,800,120 



Net earnings $227,650,474 



Less fixed charges and general expenses of lessor 

 companies, reduced by income from all other 

 sources than earnings 108,305,878 



Amount available for dividends $119,344,596 



Stock (preferred and common) $2,613,606,264 



Per cent earned upon stock 4'566 



Per cent declared upon stock 2 699 



Per cent held 1-867 



MILEAGE STATISTICS. The following are rev- 

 enue train mileage statistics of the railroad sys- 

 tem of the United States : 



Total miles of road operated 86,782 



Earnings per mile $6.638 



Expenses per mile ' 4,065 



Net earnings per mile 2,623 



Freight-trains : 



Mileage 251,022,710 



Earnings per mile $1 65 



Expenses per mile 98 



Profit per mile 67 



Passenger-trains : 



Mileage 138,225,621 



Earnings per mile (including express and 



mails)... $1 18 



Expenses per mile 76 



Profit per mile 43 



FREIGHT AND PASSENGERS. The details of 

 the freight and passenger traffic are as fol- 

 low : 



Freight tonnage : Number of tons carried 



Average miles hauled 



Tons, one mile 



.Revenue 



Keceipts per ton per mile. . . 



Cost per ton per mile 



Profit per ton per mile 



Passengers : Number carried 



Average distance 



Passengers carried one mile 



lievenue 



Keceipts per passenger per mile..* 



Cost per passenger per mile 



Profit per passenger per mile 



Freight traffic : Tons carried, local. 



Tons carried, through 



Tons carried, total t 



Passenger traffic : Passengers, season % 



Passengers local 



Passengers, through 



290,897,395 

 111 



32,348,846,693 



$416,145,758 



1-29 cents. 



0-76 cents. 



0-53 cents. 



2C9.5S3.340 



23 miles. 



6,189,240,914 



$144,101,709 



2-33 cents. 



1-71 cent. 



0-61 cent. 



158,163,276 



187,513,992 



Passengers, total , 



23,665,251 

 244,178,377 

 20,404,968 



269,583,340 



Freight tonnage : Local 14,252,169,778 



Through 18,075,963,652 



Eevenue : Local $233,688,206 



Through 182,457,554 



Average rate per mile : Local 1 64 cent. 



Through 1- 01 cent. 



Local and through. . . 1 29 cent. 



Passengers carried one mile are not separate- 

 ly specified for local and through. 



EQUIPMENT. The equipment of all the roads 

 in the United States comprised 17,412 locomo- 

 tives, 12,330 passenger-cars, 4,475 mail, express, 

 and baggage cars, 375,312 freight-cars, and 80,- 

 138 other kinds of cars; cost of equipment, 

 $418,045,459. The aggregate number of all 

 employes was 418,957; amount of yearly pay- 

 rolls, $195,350,013. 



ACCIDENTS. The following is a condensed 

 summary of the reported accidents on all the 

 roads in the United States during the census 

 year: 



RED -CROSS SOCIETIES AND THE 

 LAWS OF WAR. Many attempts have been 

 made to bring about an international agree- 

 ment for mitigating the horrors and mortality 

 of battle, since the improvements in the rifle 

 and the adoption of universal military service 

 hare rendered war so much more calamitous 

 and fatal than in former times. The first suc- 

 cessful movement of this kind was started at 

 the same time that the civil war was raging in 

 the United States. 



CONFERENCES. A conference of jurists and 

 others interested in this object was held in 

 Geneva in 1863. The Government of Switzer- 

 land approved of the project for an interna- 

 tional compact which they drew up, and the 

 potent support and sanction of the French 



Empire were won. At a second conference 

 the ten articles of the Geneva Convention were 

 signed, August 22, 1864, by plenipotentiaries of 

 France, Prussia, Italy, Spain, Holland, Belgium, 

 Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Portugal, Wur- 

 temberg, Baden, and Hesse-Darmstadt. This 

 convention "for the amelioration of the condi- 

 tion of the wounded of armies in the field " 

 imposes upon the victorious army the duty of 

 caring for the enemy's wounded, and protects 

 all surgeons and nurses and their hospital stores 

 and materials. Military and field hospitals, in 

 which wounded are cared for, are made neu- 



* Not including express or mails. 



t This amount includes 220,127 tons of companies which 

 omitted to specify them as through or local. 

 % Included in amount of local. 

 Of freight tonnage 20,713,261 tons were left unspecified. 



