724 



ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 



February 28th. Where bishops are appointed 

 as coadjutors or auxiliaries, they are made bish- 

 ops of some one of these ancient sees ; and, 

 where necessary to distinguish the fact of 

 non-residence, the formula titular bishop is 

 to be used. 



CARDINALS. On the 29th of March the Pope 

 pronounced two cardinals reserved in petto 

 December 13, 1880, Francis Ricci Paracciani, 

 Majordomo, and Peter Lasagni, Secretary of 

 the Sacred College, both of the order of Cardi- 

 nal Deacons ; and also created cardinals, Domi- 

 nic Agostini, Patriarch of Venice ; Charles M. 

 A. Lavigerie, Archbishop of Algiers; Mgr. 

 Lluch y Garriga, Archbishop of Seville, who 

 died before the close of the year, and Edward 

 McCabe, Archbishop of Dublin. At a second 

 creation, September 26th, "Wladimir Czacki 

 and A. Bianchi were also made cardinals ; but 

 during the year Cardinals Donnet, Lluch y Gar- 

 riga, and Sanguigni died. 



DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS. Events were now 

 beginning to show tint many of the great 

 powers felt that harmonious relations with the 

 Sovereign Pontiff, the spiritual head acknowl- 

 edged by a large part of their subjects, tended 

 to render them more hearty in their support of 

 the civil institutions under which they lived, 

 and, in times when most radical and disorgan- 

 izing theories were spreading, the influence of 

 a Church essentially conservative was an ele- 

 ment of strength, began to renew their inter- 

 course with the Holy See by regular diplomatic 

 representatives. Baron Von Schloser, ambas- 

 sador from Prussia, arrived in February. Rus- 

 sia, France, Brazil, with other American States, 

 followed, and even England prepared at last 

 to enter into diplomatic relations with the 

 Holy See, which legislative enactments no 

 longer forbade. This recognition that the 

 papal sovereignty was diminished only, not 

 destroyed, by the capture of Rome in 1870, 

 only served to bring his anomalous position 

 into a more striking light. A trivial incident 

 brought from Italy a direct denial of the very 

 sovereignty recognized by Catholic, Protestant, 

 and Greek states. 



CASE OF MAETINUOOI. Martinucci, an archi- 

 tect employed in the works in the Vatican, 

 dismissed for misconduct in 1879, considering 

 himself aggrieved, brought suit in one of the 

 Italian courts against the Cardinal Secretary 

 of State and the Majordomo. As a claim on 

 the pontifical treasury, it was virtually, though 

 not in form, a suit against the Pope himself, 

 and avowedly for matters arising within the 

 precinct where he was, by the recognition of 

 all, sovereign. To obviate a recurrence of such 

 cases, Leo XIII, on the 25th of May, by a motu 

 proprio, declared that " we can not in such ques- 

 tions of internal order permit the intervention 

 of foreign authority," and he established two 

 commissions, each composed of three prelates, 

 to be appointed by him, for the adjudication in 

 the first instance, and on appeal, of all com- 

 plaints against any administration of the palace 



arising on contract or quasi contract. The 

 Italian court, though the question of jurisdic- 

 tion was at once raised by the advocate Coraz- 

 zini in the name of the Vatican, overruled it, 

 declaring the Vatican to be within the juris- 

 diction of the courts established by the Italian 

 Government. It dismissed the case (August 

 16th) on the merits; but it was carried to a 

 Court of Appeals, which (November 13) af- 

 firmed the decision of the lower court, both as 

 to jurisdiction and as to the merits of the case. 



The whole question was discussed, and Men- 

 ghetti, in his "Stato Chiesa," avowed that the 

 law of guarantees was " only a temporary affair, 

 intended to quiet Catholic powers and popula- 

 tions, the real object being to put an end in 

 time to the exceptional and privileged situa- 

 tion it created for the papacy, and to make the 

 Sovereign Pontiff return to the common law." 

 Other leaders held the same views, Borighi, 

 in the " Nuova Antologia," saying distinctly : 

 "The rights of the Pope are inviolable only 

 because the Italian law makes them so." The 

 Cardinal Secretary of State addressed a note to 

 the nuncios at the European courts, and the po- 

 sition of the Pope was brought up directly for 

 diplomatic action. In the excitement against 

 Austria, arising out of the Overdank affair, an 

 attack was made, on December 29th, in the Pi- 

 azza Sciarra, at Rome, on the carriage of Count 

 Paar, the Austrian embassador to the Pope. 

 The Italian court before which the offender 

 was brought ignored the diplomatic character 

 of Count Paar, and held the offender "for an 

 offense against an office of the administrative 

 order." 



In his allocution of December 24th the Pope 

 said : "This year the work of persecution has 

 not stopped. We will not speak of the in- 

 creasing audacity of a shameless press, nor of 

 the unworthy insults it launches with impu- 

 nity for this end against all that is respected 

 and sacred. We form no new plaints on the 

 many Italian dioceses long left without pas- 

 tors, although seasonably provided by us, nor 

 on the spiritual loss which the faithful popula- 

 tion receive. But we must mention a new 

 attempt made on our inviolable rights. They 

 have pretended to maintain that the very site 

 of our abode is no longer to be respected or 

 inviolable ; whence it results that in the very 

 precincts of our apostolic palace we are no 

 longer free to exercise our sovereign rights." 



In fact, the Italian law did not recognize in 

 the Pope the immunity which the Pope's nun- 

 cio enjoyed at every European capital. 



GERMANY AND THE POPE. The state of the 

 Catholic Church in Prussia and the German 

 Empire was not improved in 1882, although 

 the Government allowed some vacant sees to 

 be filled. Several dioceses were still without 

 bishops, and hundreds of parishes without 

 priests. The Government had made some 

 effort to obtain of the Pope a surrender of 

 rights without repealing the May laws. In 

 1878, during the illness of the Emperor, the 



