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ROUMANIA. 



composed of the regular army and its reserve, 

 and the territorial army with its reserve ; (2) 

 the militia; and (3) the civic guard in the towns 

 and the gloate or levy in mass in the rural dis- 

 tricts. Every able-bodied Roumanian must be 

 enrolled in the regular army three years in 

 the active army and five in the reserve, or in 

 the territorial army, in which the term is like- 

 wise eight years ; five in the infantry, and four 

 in the cavalry, active. Lots are drawn to de- 

 termine to which army a young man is to 

 belong. Those legally exempt and those who 

 have served their time are enrolled in the 

 militia up to their thirty-seventh, and in the 

 third class up to their forty-seventh year. The 

 peace effective of the regular army is 1,200 

 officers, 18,532 men, 2,945 horses, and 180 

 guns ; the strength of the territorial army is 

 about 100,000 men and 90 guns. Roumania 

 has a naval force of 4 steamers and 14 small 

 gunboats. 



There were 780 miles of state railroads in 

 operation on July 1, 1882, and one belonging 

 to a company, 140 miles in length. The total 

 cost of construction was 376,450,000 francs; 

 the gross receipts in 1881, 22,800,745 francs; 

 the running expenses, 16,854,441 francs. There 

 were 420 miles of new lines in construction. 



The postal traffic in 1881 embraced 6,873,317 

 private letters and a total of 12,504,199 letters, 

 circulars, etc., besides 415,469 packages and 

 381,110 postal orders. 



The length of the state telegraph lines in 

 1881 was 3,320 miles; length of wires, 5,420 

 miles. The number of private domestic dis- 

 patches was 648,234 ; of private foreign dis- 

 patches, 292,797 ; total number of dispatches, 

 1,150,188. The total receipts were 4,028,727 

 francs. 



COMMEKCE. The imports of Roumania in- 

 creased from 82,927,228 lei in 1871, to 274,757,- 

 458 in 1881; the exports from 177,682,783 to 

 206,518,3-17 lei. The exports consist entirely 

 of cereals and other agricultural products. The 

 values exported of the chief classes of articles 

 in 1881 were as follow, in round numbers : 

 Cereals, 157,200,000 lei ; animals, 16,600,000 ; 

 textile materials, 7,100,000 ; wood, 5,200,000. 

 The following were the chief classes of im- 

 ports : Textiles, 98,400,000 lei ; metals and met- 

 al manufactures, 48,600,000 ; leather, 36,500,- 

 000; wood and its manufactures, 13,900,000. 

 Of the total imports 135,000,000 lei came from 

 Austria- Hungary, 50,500,000 from Great Brit- 

 ain, 31,800,000 from Germany, 22, 700, 000 from 

 France, and 16,400,000 from Turkey and Bul- 

 garia; of the exports, 82,200,000 lei went to 

 Great Britain, 72,100,000 to Austria-Hungary, 

 19,300,000 to France, 11,400,000 to Turkey and 

 Bulgaria, and 1,600,000 to Germany. 

 ^ DANTTBIAN COMMISSION. The European 

 Commission of the Danube was created by the 

 Treaty of Paris in 1856, and continued and en- 

 dowed with larger powers by the Treaty of 

 Berlin in 1878. It has its seat at Galatz, and 

 has delegated to it, as the representative of the 



seven contracting powers and of Roumania, 

 certain sovereign rights over the Danube be- 

 low Galatz, viz., to exercise police jurisdic- 

 tion, to frame and promulgate regulations 

 which have the force of law, to levy imposts, 

 raise loans, and apply the proceeds to works 

 of public utility. According to the convention 

 signed at London, March 31, 1871, the existing 

 commission continues its functions twelve 

 years from that date. The works finished and 

 to be finished by the commission were de- 

 clared perpetually neutral. 



The accounts of the commission for 1881 

 show 3,448,190 francs of receipts, of which, 

 1,985,052 came from fees and tolls, and 1,463,- 

 138 from other sources. The expenses were 

 2,606,095 francs, of which 1,111,685 were for 

 the service of the debt; 289,458, administra- 

 tive expenses; 711,098, technical se'rvice; and 

 493,854, various charges. The debts of the 

 commission consisted on January 1st of the 

 unpaid portion of an advance made by the 

 Sublime Porte, and transferred to Erlanger & 

 Co., amounting to 2,469,371 francs, to be re- 

 paid by 1883, and of a loan contracted in 1868, 

 amounting to 312,540 francs, due in 1882. The 

 commission possessed as assets a reserve fund 

 of 1,000,000 francs, and the year's surplus of 

 842,095 francs, besides a pension fund of 264,- 

 856, and a pilotage fund of 46,564 francs. 



The commerce of the Danube is almost ex- 

 clusively in grain. Most of the vessels arrive 

 in ballast. The participation of the different 

 nations in the navigation of the river is shown 

 in the following table, giving the number and 

 tonnage of vessels cleared in 1881 : 



The number of vessels which sailed from 

 Danubian ports in 1880 was 1,813, of 658,- 

 063 tons aggregate burden, embracing 583 

 steamers, of 467,189 tons, and 1,230 sailing- 

 vessels, of 190,874 tons. The exportation of 

 grain from the ports of the lower Danube 

 was 5,403,421 quarters in 1881, against 4,251,- 

 331 quarters in 1880, and 5,394,729 in 1879. 



FOREIGN RELATIONS. The Danubian ques- 

 tion engrossed the attention of the Roumanian 

 people more than the important subjects of in- 

 ternal reform which were broached in 1882. 

 The Government in apologizing upon the de- 

 mand of Austria, and under the pressure of 

 Germany and Russia, for the bold declaration 

 in the royal address of 1881 (see u Annual Cy- 

 clopedia"" for 1881), did not abandon the 



