RUSSIA. 



731 



kov, who succeeded Count Alexander Adler- 

 berg in 1871. At the beginning of 1882, Prince 

 Alexander Michael Gortchakoff was still Min- 

 ister of Foreign Affairs, over which department 

 he had presided since 1856, though N. De Giers 

 has had the practical management for some 

 years. When the long-deferred retirement of 

 Prince Gortchakoff took place in March, he 

 was succeeded by De Giers. The Minister of 

 War is General Count Vannoski, who was ap- 

 pointed March 29, 1881. General Count Ig- 

 natieff, who was appointed Minister of the In- 

 terior, March 29, 1881, was succeeded by Count 

 Tolstoy in June. 



The post of Minister of Public Instruction 

 vacated by the latter was filled by Baron Nico- 

 lai. The Minister of Finance, Bunge, took the 

 place of Count Abaza, during the ministry of 

 Ignatieff. The Minister of the Navy is Rear- 

 Admiral Chestakov, who succeeded Rear- Ad- 

 miral Petshurov. The Minister of Domains is 

 M. Ostrovski, the successor to P. A. Valouiev. 

 The Minister of Public Works, or Highways 

 and Communications, is Rear- Admiral C. Pos- 

 siet, appointed July 23, 1874. The Comptroller- 

 General, Solski, was appointed in October, 

 1879. The President of the Council of Minis- 

 ters is Reutern. All the ministers and heads 

 of administrative departments are members of 

 the Council. 



AREA AND POPULATION. The Russian Em- 

 pire covers one seventh of the land-surface of 

 the globe. The total area is about 8,379,500 

 square miles. The area of the geographical 

 divisions of European Russia and their popula- 

 tion in 1870, the approximate area of the Asiatic 

 possessions, and their population as ascertained 

 at various dates between 1873 and 1880, are 

 shown in the following table. (See EUROPE, 

 AEEA OF.) 



The following are the cities containing over 

 50,000 inhabitants in European Russia : 



CITIES. Population. CITIES. Population. 



Kharkov 101,175 Lodz 57,000 



Kasan 94,170 Orel 53,505 



Vilna 88,693 Simferopol 52,5S5 



Saratov 86,418 Berditchcff. 52,568 



Nikolaiev 82,805 Dunaburg 52.201 



Elizabethgrad 63,064 Samara 51,947 



Astrakhan 57,T04 Revel 5o *:>'.) 



Tula 57,874 



Cronstadt, Taganrog, Orenburg, Voroneje, 

 Rostov on the Don, Helsingfors, capital of 

 Finland, Minsk, Nijni-Novgorod, Kovno, Jito- 

 mir, Mohilev, and Vitebsk contain between 

 40,000 and 50,000 inhabitants. In Russia in 

 Asia the largest cities are : Tiflis, population 

 104,024 ; Tashkend, containing about 100,000 ; 

 Andijan, 43,000 ; Samarcand, 36,000 ; Khokand, 

 35,000 ; Stavropol, 34,328 ; Irkutsk, 33,800 ; and 

 Tomsk, 33,795. 



The number of emigrants from Russia from 

 1871 to ^1880 amounted to 2,807,000, against a 

 counter-immigration of 2,455,000 ; a loss to the 

 empire of 352,000 souls, or about 35,000 yearly. 

 Only those who received regular passes are 

 counted among the emigrants. The immi- 

 grants are nearly all Germans. 



COMMERCE. The total value of the mer- 

 chandise imports of 1880 was 622,812,000 

 rubles, against 587,713,000 in 1879 ; of the ex- 

 ports, 498,672,000, against 627,768,000 rubles. 

 The commerce with Europe and America 

 amounted to 578,334,000 rubles of imports, 

 and 476,365,000 of exports in 1880; with Fin- 

 land, to 11,442,000 rubles of imports and 9,602,- 

 000 of exports ; with Asia, to 33,036,000 rubles 

 of imports and 12,705,000 of exports. The 

 commerce with the individual countries in 1880 

 was as follows, in rubles : 



CITIES. Population. 



St. Petersburg 876,575 



Moscow 611,974 



Warsaw 339,341 



Odessa 193,513 



CITIES. Population. 



Riga 169,688 



Kherson 128,079 



Kiev 127,251 



Kichinev 112,137 



There were 6,423,000 rubles of imports from 

 the United States reported for 1879 and no 

 exports to that country. 



The exports of cereals in 1880 amounted to 

 226,410,000 rubles, against 363,261,000 rubles 

 in 1879 ; the imports of colonial produce, 74,- 

 649,000 rubles, against 50,462,000; the total 

 imports of articles of consumption, 133,543,000 ; 

 exports, 302,696,000 rubles. The exports of 

 textile materials were 95,718,000 rubles, im- 

 ports 66,953,000 ; the imports of raw metals 

 66,953,000 rubles, against 56,596,000 in 1879 ; 

 the total imports of raw materials, 159,302,000 

 rubles, exports 153,177,000. The imports of 

 yarns were 41,213,000 rubles, against 61,749,- 

 000 ; of textile fabrics, clothing, etc., 34,229,- 



