SPAIN. 



751 



organization. By these measures an army of 

 400,000 instructed and easily mobilized troops 

 is expected to develop. The effective of the 

 standing army for 1882-'83 is fixed by the 

 decree of July 3, 1882, at 94,810 men, with 

 28,000 additional during the three months of 

 instruction. The provincial militia has been 

 dissolved. 



The effective strength of the army in Cuba 

 was fixed at 26,579 men ; of the force in Porto 

 Rico at 3,318 ; of that of the Philippines at 

 10,035. 



The civic guard, or police troops, numbered 

 T80 officers and 14,756 men in 1882 ; the carbi- 

 neers, or custom-house guard, on the coasts 

 and frontiers, consisted of 92 companies and 

 22 mounted sections. 



(For details of the Spanish navy, see NAVIES 

 OF EUROPE.) 



FINANCES. The sources of revenue and heads 

 of expenditure are set down in the budget ap- 

 proved for the year ending June 30, 1883, as 

 follow, in pesetas (one peseta = one franc) : 



RECEIPTS. Pesetas 



Direct taxes 280,979,000 



Indirect taxes 164,409,000 



Customs 115,458,000 



Stamps and regie receipts 221,585,000 



Receipts from state property 28,860,225 



Miscellaneous 21,706,000 



Total 782,997,225 



EXPENDITURES. 



Civil list 9,800,000 



Legislation i 859 250 



Public debt 223,( W2,050 



Indemnities and pensions 47 750 005 



Presidency of the Council l',10l'600 



Ministry of Foreign Affairs 8,580 900 



Janice 51 ,625, 675 



War 126,272,700 



Marine 86,127,800 



the Interior 45,:369,t)UO 



Public Works 90,117.400 



Finance 20,581,925 



Direction of state monopolies 124/J57,87.'i 



Administration of mortmains 522.510 



Total T82,689,250 



The burden of the public debt was such 

 that in 1871 the Minister of Finance declared 

 that the kingdom was on the verge of bank- 

 ruptcy. After that occurred the heavy mili- 

 tary expenses of the civil war. The army ex- 

 penditure has been less since 1878, but deficits 

 have occurred regularly. The present Minis- 

 ter promised in 1881 a reform in the finances 

 which would secure a surplus in the future. 

 The capital of the public debt, consisting of the 

 consolidated debt due the United States ; do., 

 transferred to the Danish Government ; foreign 

 and domestic perpetual rentes ; bonds in favor 

 of civil corporations and of the clergy ; public 

 improvement bonds and foreign and domestic 

 loans, on September 1, 1881, and the interest 

 charge of the year, were as follow, in pesetas : 



FOREIGN RELATIONS. The progress of Spain 

 in orderly government and prosperity, and the 

 projected reforms in the army and navy, im- 

 pel her to lift her head somewhat higher in 

 international affairs. Expansive desires are 

 manifested in the direction of Morocco, and 

 greater bitterness is felt at the possession of 

 Gibraltar by Great Britain. Several occasions 

 of jealousy and misunderstanding occurred 

 with England during 1882, while the relations 

 with other powers were confined to questions 

 of the terms on which the commercial treaties 

 are to be renewed. The occupation of the 

 northern end of Borneo, by a company under 

 an English charter, led to a protest, on the 

 ground that Spain had sovereign rights over 

 the territory, dating from 1521, and acknowl- 

 edged by the Sultan of Sooloo (see BORNEO). 

 The denial of this position by the British Gov- 

 ernment caused dissatisfaction, which grew 

 more intense upon England's action in the 

 Egyptian question. The Spanish Cabinet asked 



leave to take part in the conference at Con- 

 stantinople. All the powers gave a favorable 

 reply except France, which avoided a direct 

 answer, and England, which returned a posi- 

 tive refusal. 



A difficulty arose with reference to some 

 Cuban patriots, which placed England in the 

 position of a suppliant. Maceo, Rodriguez, and 

 another political prisoner, while being trans- 

 ferred to a penal colony, escaped from custody 

 and took refuge in Gibraltar. The Spanish 

 consul, being apprised by the police, informed 

 the English authorities that these men were 

 fugitives from justice, and requested that in 

 order to save trouble and delay they should be 

 expelled at a certain hour so that the police 

 might capture them on Spanish soil. This 

 was done by the compliant officials, who 

 thought nothing more about it until a storm 

 of indignation arose in England at the viola- 

 tion of the right of asylum. The British Gov- 

 ernment made earnest representations, which 



