SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



769 



and Finlanders. The population of the king- 

 dom, according to the annual enumeration 

 made December 31, 1881, was 4,572,245. The 

 number of marriages in 1880 was 28,919, ot 

 births 138,303, of deaths 86,794; excess of 

 births over deaths, 51,509. 



The mean annual emigration between 1850 

 and 1860 was 1,690 ; between 1860 and 1870, 

 12,245; in the year 1870, 29,003; 1871, 17,- 

 450; 1872,15,915; 1873,13,580; 1874,7,791; 

 1875, 9,727; 1876, 9,418; 1877, 7,610; 1878, 

 9,032; 1879, 17,637; 1880, 42,109. 



The cities containing over 25,000 inhabitants 

 in 1881 were: Stockholm, 176,745; Gothen- 

 borg, 78,313; Malmo, 39,512; Norrkoping, 

 27,231. 



COMMERCE. The exports and imports both 

 more than doubled between 1870 and 1880. 

 The chief exports are timber, pig-iron, and 

 grain. The largest imports are textile manu- 

 factures, coal, and colonial produce. The total 

 imports in 1880 were valued at 282,788,000 

 crowns, against 226,442,000 in 1879, having 

 grown from 82,469,000 crowns in 1860; the 

 total exports at 236,643,000 crowns, against 

 186,164,000 crowns in 1879, and 86,496,000 

 crowns in 1860. The extent of the commerce 

 with the principal foreign countries was as fol- 

 lows, in crowns, in 1880 : 



Of 9,618 laden vessels, of 1,513,395 tons, 

 entering Swedish ports in 1880, 5,216, of 762,- 

 442 tons, bore the Swedish flag ; 647, of 123,- 

 456 tons, the Norwegian; and 3.755, of 627,- 

 497 tons, were foreign vessels. The merchant 

 navy consisted, in 1880, of 2,252 vessels, of 

 105,062 tons, including 607 steamers, of 31,509 

 tons, engaged in domestic commerce, and 2,133 

 vessels, of 455,631 tons, including 165 steam- 

 ers, of 55,089 tons, trading abroad. 



There were 3,860 miles of railroad in opera- 

 tion at the commencement of 1882, of which 

 1,370 miles belonged to the state and 2,490 

 miles to companies. 



The number of post-offices in 1880 was 1,785. 

 There were 38,078,616 letters and postal-cards, 

 3,699,789 printed inclosures, and 26,952,716 

 newspapers forwarded in 1881 ; together 68,- 

 731,121, against 63,709,363 in 1880. 



The length of telegraph lines in 1881 was 

 5,225 miles; length of wires, 12,795 miles. 

 The number of dispatches sent was 1,118,081, 

 comprising 591,276 domestic, 398,534 interna- 

 tional, and 128,271 in transit. The receipts 

 were 1,304,495, the expenses 1,205,966 crowns. 



ARMY AND NAVY. There are five different 

 VOL. xxii. i9 A 



classes of soldiers. The enrolled troops (Varf- 

 vade) arid the cantoned troops (Indelta) form 

 together the regular army. The first are re- 

 cruited by enlistment. The latter class receive, 

 partly from private landholders and partly 

 from the crown domains, a house and parcel 

 of land, and annual pay in money or in kind. 

 The third class is the conscripted troops (Be- 

 varing), in which every able-bodied young 

 man is enrolled ; but only a part of them are 

 instructed. There are besides two special bod- 

 ies, the Gotland militia, which is not obliged 

 to serve outside of the island, and the volun- 

 teer rifle association, which numbered 11,065 

 men in 1881. The regular army in 1882 num- 

 bered 35,106 men, exclusive of officers. The 

 enrolled troops numbered 2,230 infantry, 1,066 

 cavalry, 4,343 artillery, and 894 engineers, to- 

 gether 8,533 men ; the cantoned troops, 23,016 

 infantry and 3,557 cavalry, together 26,573 

 men. The strength of the conscripted army 

 was 135,337; of the Gotland militia, 7,762. 



The navy consisted, in 1882, of forty-four 

 steamers, with 155 guns, including one line-of- 

 battle ship, one frigate, four corvettes, four 

 monitors, ten small monitors, two torpedo- 

 boats, and nineteen gunboats. The four mon- 

 itors and ten of the gunboats were ironclads. 

 There were besides five sailing-corvettes and 

 five brigs, carrying 105 guns. 



FINANCES. The budget for 1883 makes the 

 total ordinary receipts 20,590,000 crowns (by a 

 treaty signed May 27, 1873, and the supple- 

 mentary treaty of October 16, 1875, Sweden, 

 Norway, and Denmark adopted a common 

 decimal monetary system: the Swedish krona, 

 Norwegian and Danish krone, is equivalent to 

 26-8 cents), derived from the land-tax (5,995,- 

 000 crowns), domain farms (2,900,000 crowns), 

 capitation tax (640,000 crowns), tonnage dues 

 (1,200,000 crowns), net railway receipts (6,200,- 

 000 crowns), gross telegraph receipts (1,330,- 

 000 crowns), gross receipts from forests (1,000,- 

 000 crowns), and miscellaneous sources (1,325,- 

 000 crowns) ; the total extraordinary receipts, 

 53,770,000 crowns, derived from customs du- 

 ties (27,500,000 crowns), postal receipts (5,100,- 

 000 crowns), stamps (3,000,000 crowns), spirit- 

 tax (17,000,000 crowns), beet-sugar impost 

 (70,000 crowns), and income-tax (4,100,000 

 crowns) ; the net receipts of the Bank of Swe- 

 den, 1,600,000 crowns; unexpended balance, 

 2,789,137 crowns; total receipts of the Treas- 

 ury, 78,749,137 crowns. The ordinary expen- 

 ditures are fixed at 58,536,711 crowns: 1,338,- 

 000 for the royal household, 3,-753,000 for the 

 Department of Justice. 613,800 for that of 

 Foreign Affairs, 17,205,000 for that of the 

 Army, 5,375,000 for the Navy Department, 

 4,396,360 for that of the Interior, 10,132,551 

 for that of Education and Worship, 2,430,000 

 for pensions, and 13,293,000 for financial ad- 

 ministration. The extraordinary expenditures 

 are placed at 7,827,589 crowns: 2,413,000 for 

 the army and navy, and 5,414,589 for other 

 purposes. The expenditures on account of the 



