800 



TURKEY. 



be 1,742,874 square miles. The estimated popu- 

 lation was 28,165,000. By the creation of the 

 independent tributary state of Bulgaria, and 

 the autonomous province of Eastern Roumelia, 

 the delivery of Bosnia and Herzegovina to 

 Austrian administration, and the cessions of 

 territory to Roumania, Servia, Montenegro, and 

 Greece, the area of the dominions under the 

 rule of the Sultan in Europe was reduced from 

 138,264 to 56,868 square miles, and the popu- 

 lation from 8,315,000 to 3,982,000. The total 

 area of the dominions immediately subject to 

 the Sultan in 1882 was 3,087,850 square kilo- 

 metres, or about 1,180,000 square miles, though 

 the authority of the Government is weakened 

 in parts of Asiatic Turkey. The total popula- 

 tion of the immediate possessions was esti- 

 mated at 21,633,000. The total area of the 

 vassal, tributary, and nominally subject states 

 and provinces was 3,148,400 square kilometres, 

 about 1,200,000 square miles; total population, 

 20,580,400. The area, in square kilometres, 

 and population of the divisions of the Ottoman 

 Empire, including the tributary and nominally 

 dependent states, are given in the following 

 table : 



The approximate population of the chief 

 cities of Turkey in Europe is as follows : Con- 

 stantinople, between 600,000 and 700,000 ; Sa- 

 lonica, between 60,000 and 80,000 ; Adrianople, 

 from 60,000 to 62,000 ; Philippopolis, 24,053 ; 

 Serajevo, 21,377. The approximate population 

 of the chief cities of Turkey in Asia was as fol- 

 lows: Smyrna, 150,000; Damascus, 150,000; 

 Aleppo, 70,000; Beyrut, from 60,000 to 70,- 

 000; Brussa, 60,000; Erzerum, 60,000; Kai- 

 sarie, 60,000; Bagdad, 40,000 ; Mosul, 40,000; 

 Manissa, 40,000 ; Sivas, from 35,000 to 40,000 ; 

 Marash, 35,000; Trebizond, 32,000; Urfa, 30,- 

 000 ; Van, 30,000 ; Jerusalem, 28,000 ; Amassa, 

 20,000. 



Fully one half of the population of Turkey 

 in Europe, about 17 per cent of the popula- 

 tion of Turkey in Asia, and 1 per cent of that 

 of the African possessions, altogether about 23 

 per cent of the Sultan's subjects, are Christians 

 or Jews of the various Oriental and Occidental 

 rites. The heads of the different Churches, 

 especially the Greek and Armenian Patriarchs, 



as well as the High Rabbi of the Jews, are 

 dignitaries possessing much power and influ- 

 ence, being recognized as chiefs of their reli- 

 gious communities by the Ottoman Government. 

 The Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church 

 is Joachim III. The Exarch of the Bulgarian 

 branch of this Church is Yossif. The name of 

 the Patriarch of the Orthodox Armenians is 

 Narses ; of the Patriarch of the Catholic Ar- 

 menians, Azarian ; of the civil head of the Latin 

 community, O. Varthalites Effendi ; of the Prot- 

 estant community, Agop Effendi. The Cha- 

 cham Bashi, or Grand Rabbi, of the Hebrews 

 is Moses Levi Effendi. The Latins, or Chris- 

 tians using the Roman liturgy, consist of Greeks, 

 Armenians, Bulgarians, and Croats. The Ma- 

 ronites, the Melchite Greeks, the Latins, and 

 the United Syrians have patriarchs residing at 

 Antioch. The Patriarch of the Chaldeans re- 

 sides at Mosul. 



COMMERCE. The average value of the im- 

 port trade is estimated at $104,000,000; the 

 average total export trade at $96,000,000. 

 Constantinople receives about $48,000,000 of 

 the imports and ships about $34,500,000 of the 

 exports. The leading articles of export are 

 cereals, tobacco, wools, opium, meerschaum, 

 oil of rose, gum, and skins, besides cotton, 

 which began to be cultivated in 1860, fruit, 

 wine, honey, wax, morocco leather, madder, 

 carpets, etc. The commercial intercourse is 

 mainly with Great Britain, Italy, Austria, and 

 Greece. 



The principal ports, next to Constantinople, 

 are Smyrna, Chio, and Salonica. The total 

 number of arrivals in all the ports in the year 

 ending March 1, 1879, was 183,730; tonnage, 

 19,513,559, against 12,810,003 tons in 1877-78. 

 The number of steamers arriving in 1878-'79 

 was 20,174; tonnage, 13,978,439. The move- 

 ment of shipping in the port of Constantino- 

 ple in 1880 embraced 12,532 sailing-vessels, of 

 1,201,546 tons, and 4,787 steamers, of 3,616,- 

 636 tons. Of the steam tonnage about 47 per 

 cent was English, 13 Russian, 12 Austrian, 10 

 French, 5 Turkish, and 2 Greek ; of the other 

 tonnage about 41 per cent was Greek, 31 Turk- 

 ish, 15 Italian, 6 Austrian, and 2 Russian. The 

 merchant marine consisted in 1879 of 220 sail- 

 ing-vessels, of 34,500 tons, and 11 steamers, of 

 3,350 tons, engaged in foreign trade. Includ- 

 ing coasting-vessels, the total tonnage was 

 181,500. 



The first railroad in Turkey was built in 

 1865. At the beginning of 1877 there were 

 965 miles in operation in European Turkey, 

 and 172 miles in Asia Minor. 



The length of telegraph lines in 1879 was 

 17,950 miles; of wires, 31,782 miles. The 

 number of dispatches in 1878 was 1,344,702, 

 of which 523,230 were domestic, 291,453 in- 

 ternational, and 530,019 official. The receipts 

 amounted to about $1,200,000, working ex- 

 penses $970,000. 



The post-office, previous to 1876, was en- 

 tirely managed by foreigners. In September 



