UNITED STATES, CENSUS OF. 



817 



factory system in the increased employment of 

 young children. Thus : 



Number of persons of both sexes between ten and 

 fifteen years of age reported in 1870 as in gainful 

 occupations 739,164 



Increased by 18'65 per cent, the ratio of increase in 

 the population of this age from 18TO to 1880 877,018 



Actual number reported 1,1 18,356 



Eelative excess. 



The following is a comparison between the 

 number of persons reported as pursuing gain- 

 ful occupations in 1880 with those who were 

 not so reported. That is, of the 36,761,607 

 persons ten years of age and upward, the 

 number not reported as pursuing gainful oc- 

 cupations is 19,369,508,. Of this number, 15,- 

 378,470 are females. 



The following table shows the comparative 

 increase in occupations and in population by 

 States and Territories, from 1870 to 1880 : 



The noteworthy results shown by the fore- 

 going table are thus pointed out and explained 

 in the census report : 



1. That in certain States and Territories the ratio of 

 VOL. xxn. 52 A 



increase in population is greater, in some cases much 

 greater, than the ratio of increase in gainful occupa- 

 tions reported. This is due to the fact that these com- 

 munities are losing something of the frontier character 

 and taking on more of the social and domestic char- 

 acter of older communities. Thus we have Arizona 

 gaining 319 per cent in population and only 269 per 

 cent in reported occupations ; Idaho, 117 against 43 

 Kansas. 173 against 160; Montana, 90 against 58 

 Nebraska, 268 against 248 ; Nevada, 47 against 20 

 Washington, 214 against 209 ; Wyoming, 128 against 

 34. In a word, these figures indicate the growth of 

 homes with women and children, in the place of the 

 lumbering-camp or the ranch, occupied by men only, 

 all of whom were workers. 



2. In another group of States and Territories, where 

 we must suppose that the same force which has pro- 

 duced the above-noted effects is in operation, the 

 rapid incoming of immigrants during the decade, pre- 

 dominately males of adult years, has overpowered 

 this force and caused an increase in the proportion of 

 bread-winners greater than the increase in population. 

 Such are Arkansas, Colorado, Dakota. Iowa, Minne- 

 sota, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, and Utah. 



3. Throughout the country generally we have an 

 increase of occupations reported greater than the in- 

 crease of population. In part this is probably due to 

 the closer enumeration conducted under the provisions 

 of the act of March 3, 1879, which, by making the 

 districts smaller, secured in a much higher degree 

 than had previously been attained that house-to-house 

 canvass which is essential to a correct census, espe- 

 cially as regards the details of enumeration. 



In a still higher degree probably the increase of re- 

 ported occupations is due to the growth of the factory 

 system, to the minuter organization of industry, and 

 to the resulting differentiation of occupations, allow- 

 ing women and children to find places where they 

 can be useful and earn a livelihood, both in trade and 

 in manufactures, more readily than was the case ten 

 years ago. 



We group as follows the States and Territories in 

 their inverse rank, according to the proportion of the 

 total population found in gainful occupations : 



Percentage of occupations 

 to total population. 



Utah, West Virginia 28 



Tennessee 29 



Ohio 81 



Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Mis- 

 souri, Wisconsin 32 



Iowa, Minnesota, Texas, Virginia 88 



Florida, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Carolina, 



Pennsylvania 84 



Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey 85 



Maine, Vermont 86 



Delaware. Mississippi, New York 87 



District of Columbia 88 



Alabama, Connecticut, Georgia, Louisiana, Oregon, 



South Carolina 89 



