818 



UNITED STATES, CENSUS OF. 



Percentage of occupations 

 to total population. 



Massachusetts, Washington Territory 40 



New Hampshire 41 



Rhode Island 42 



Dakota, Wyoming 43 



California 44 



Idaho 48 



Colorado, Nevada 52 



Arizona 55 



Montana 57 



We note here, first, that in the great prosperous 

 grain-raising States there is a tendency to keep down 

 the proportion of bread-winners (see the States having 

 less than 33 per cent) ; second, that the tendency in 

 the cotton-raising States is to a higher percentage of 

 bread-winners, women and children going more large- 

 ly into the fields ; third, that the manufacturing States 

 have also a high percentage, owing to the employ- 

 ment of these classes in shops and factories; and, 

 fourth, that the bread-winners reach their largest 

 proportion in the mining and grazing States and Terri- 

 tories, owing both to the character of the industries 

 there pursued and also to the small number, relatively, 

 of women and children in those regions. 



The following tahle exhibits the total num- 

 ber of occupations reported in each of the 

 principal fifty cities of the United States, and 

 the proportion existing between that number 

 and the total number of inhabitants of both 

 sexes and all ages : 



The above shows that the proportion between 

 the number of persons pursuing gainful occu- 

 pations and the total population enumerated 

 varies in the several cities in the foregoing list 

 from 33 per cent as a minimum to 50 per cent 

 as a maximum, i. e., from one third to one half 

 a much narrower range than we noted in 

 the case of the States. The rank of these cities 

 in this respect is as follows: 



Percentage. 



Allegheny, Pittsburg 



Detroit ' 34 



Albany, Buffalo, Jersey City, Milwaukee, Toledo ... '. 85 

 Oamden, Cleveland, Columbus, Newark, New Orleans, 



Beading 3(5 



Brooklyn, Dayton, Indianapolis, Louisville, Scranton.. 37 



Cambridge. Chicago, New Haven, Rochester 88 



Baltimore. Cincinnati, Nashville, Richmond, Syracuse 



Washington, Worcester 39 



St. Louis 40 



Boston, Charleston, Hartford, Philadelphia ! 41 



Providence, Troy 42 



New York, St. Paul I!!".' 43 



Denver, Lynn, Paterson '.'.'.'.'.'. 44 



Kansas City. Minneapolis, San Francisco, Wilmington'. 45 



Atlanta, Fall Elver . 46 



Lawrence 49 



Lowell "."."' 50 



These results are thus explained in the cen- 

 sus report : 



The facts which explain these wide variations in 

 the proportions between the number of persons pur- 

 suing gainful occupations and the total population of 

 a city are many. The most important may be grouped 

 under three heads : First, the deviations of the re- 

 spective populations of these cities to the one side or to 

 the other from the type of a normal population, con- 

 sidered as to age and sex ; secondly, the character of 

 the prevailing occupations of the several cities, as de- 

 termining the question whether women and children 

 shall be largely employed or not; thirdly, social 

 causes, affecting the employment of women in avoca- 

 tions of a certain class, or affecting the employment 

 of children under a certain age. 



The variation of the population of a city either way 

 from the type may affect the proportion of the inhab- 

 itants who shall be employ ed in gainful occupations, 

 either to diminish or to increase it, according to cir- 

 cumstances. Thus, going to a far Western city like 

 Kansas City, Minneapolis, or Denver, we shall find 

 the population composed more largely of males than 

 of females, and containing a larger proportion of 

 adults of the working' age than is found in a normal 

 population. _ This is due to the fact that great num- 

 bers of the inhabitants of any one of these cities have 

 recently gone thither to seek their fortunes, leaving 

 the women, the children, and the aged behind in the 

 older communities from which they came. Here a 

 high percentage of actual bread-winners is naturally 

 expected. On the other hand, turning to Lowell, Law- 

 rence, and Fall Eiver, where females and children are 

 largely in excess, we find an even higher percentage 

 of bread-winners. This seems like a contradiction. 

 The explanation is found in the factory industries of 

 these cities, which provide employment for enormous 

 numbers of women, who in a Western city would be 

 living at home keeping the house, and of children 

 who, under the same conditions, would be attending 

 school or living at home without gainful occupation. 



The influence of the prevailing industries of a city 

 upon the proportion of oread-winners is too familiar 

 to require to be illustrated. The two great iron-mak- 

 ing cities of Allegheny and Pittsburg keep only a 

 bare third of their population at work, because the 

 labor of women ana children would be of little ac- 

 count. Cleveland, another great iron-making city, 

 has but 36 per cent of its population engaged in gain- 

 ful occupations but a great center of the textile in- 

 dustries, like Paterson, Fall River, Lawrence, or 



