INDEX OF CONTENTS. 



849 



toward secular school education, 282 ; effort in Switzer- 

 land to bring public education under control of the Fed- 

 eral Government, '232; decree of the Assembly to this 

 effect, 232 ; much disputed and opposed, 232 ; submitted 

 to the popular vote and rejected, 232. 



'. Semi-independent under Mehemet Ali and his fam- 

 ily since 1806, 232, 233 ; Tevflk Khedive, 1879, 233 ; inter- 

 ference of France and England, 233 ; area and population, 

 233 ; foreign population, 233 ; exports and imports, values 

 of, 233 ; commerce carried on with steam-vessels, 234 ; de- 

 pendence on the Nile, 234; artificial helps for irrigation, 

 234 ; table of crops, acreage, yield, etc., 234; Egyptian 

 debt enormous, 234; table of loans, from 1862-'79, from 

 English and French banking-houses, 234 ; Ismail Pa- 

 sha's financial operations, 234 ; reckless course, 235 ; 

 greed of English and French capitalists, 235 ; Ismail de- 

 posed, 235 ; terms of new arrangement (1880) for set- 

 tling of public debt, 235 ; how it worked, 235 ; money 

 expended on public works, 235, 236 ; estimate of Ismail's 

 seventeen years' reign, 236 ; increase in population, rev- 

 enue, railroads, canals, etc., 236; finances rest on the 

 heavy land-tax, 236; taxes, how distributed, 236; com- 

 pulsory labor, 236; financial improvement, 236, 237; 

 funded debt, income, and expenditure, 237 ; intervention 

 of England and France, 237; Council of Liquidation and 

 work of the Controllers, 237 ; virtually took possession 

 of everything, 237; cost of foreign officials, 237; reduc- 

 tion of the army very offensive, 238 ; outbreak of the 

 officers, in 1881, 238; hopes of the Egyptians, 238; next 

 steps of England and France, 238; the Sultan's commis- 

 sioners and English ironclads at Alexandria, 233, 239 ; the 

 national party's programme, six points, 239 ; complaints 

 against foreign interference, 239 ; cause advocated by the 

 army, the merchants, the village sheiks, Christian portion 

 of population, etc., 239 ; opposed to the party, the Turks, 

 Circassians, moneylenders, etc., 239; Chamber of Nota- 

 bles called together, 289 ; object sought for, 239, 240 ; na- 

 tional movement, basis of, 240 ; Sherif and Sultan Pasha 

 very influential, 240; project of organization of the Cham- 

 ber by Sherif Pasha, 240 ; demands of the Chamber, on 

 assembling, 240 ; menacing language of the powers, 240, 

 241 ; diplomatic movements in France and England, 241 ; 

 Sherif resigns, Arabi Bey appears as War Minister, 241 ; 

 new ministry formed, 241 ; Arabi's further movements, 

 in arresting and punishing officers, etc., 241, 242; prog- 

 ress of dispute and troubles, 242 ; England and France 

 resolve upon a great naval demonstration, 242 ; fleet at 

 Alexandria, 242 ; Arabi determines to resist, 242 ; the 

 Sultan's prospects and efforts, 242; ministers resign, 

 Tevfik's plans, 242, 243 ; demand made that Arabi be re- 

 tained as War Minister, 243 ; Turkish intervention, 243 ; 

 course of the French and English, 243; the Khedive and 

 Arabi, 243 ; excitement among Egyptians, 243, 244 ; riot 

 in Alexandria, 244 ; Europeans killed, disastrous results, 

 244; Arabi and the Egyptians prepare to fight, 244; confer- 

 ence at Constantinople, resolves of, 244 : Sir B. Seymour's 

 course, 244 ; forbids further fortifying of Alexandria on 

 peril of bombardment, 244 ; prepares for action with eight 

 ironclads and 3,500 men, 244; opens fire on morning of llth 

 July, 245; continued for ten and a half hours, 246 ; forts 

 blown up, loss of life, etc., 246, 247 ; power of ironclads 

 against forts, 247 ; sad scenes, fire and pillage of the city, 

 24S ; English take possession, aided by others, 248 ; heavy 

 losses, 248; conference negotiations, 248, 249; policy of 

 England and other powers, 249 ; Sultan pushed on to no 

 purpose, 249 ; Arabi summoned by the Khedive, and pro- 

 nounced a rebel, 249, 250; Lord Duflferin's diplomatic 

 strategy, 250 ; British interests in Egypt made the pre- 

 text for the course adopted, 250, 251 ; war of occupation, 

 251 ; Arabi's force and efforts, 251 ; troops from England, 

 VOL. xxn. 54 A 



General Wolseley in command, 251, 252; progress of the 

 campaign, 252, 253; Arabi fights the English, August 

 2Sth, defeated, 253; Arabi's further attempt, failure, 258, 

 254; final defeat, September 12th-15th, made prisoner, 

 254 ; protests of the powers, 254 ; the Khedive's new min- 

 istry, 254 ; Arabi tried, condemned, and banished to Cey- 

 lon, 255 ; rise of a false prophet in the Soodan, 255 ; suc- 

 cess and further progress, 255. 



Egyptological and Assyriological Research. Important 

 advances in knowledge, 255; museum at Boolak, 255; 

 Egyptian chronology reaching back 5,0^0 years, 255, 256 ; 

 materials for investigation, inscriptions on monuments, 

 temples, and tombs, 256; Egyptian chronology by signs 

 and dynasties, 256 ; difficulties in the way of exactness, 

 256; the Apis bulls' series of inscriptions, 256; tablets of 

 Abydos, Sakkara, Karuak, 256, 257 ; investigations into 

 use and value of Abydos tablet, 257 ; evidence of lost 

 cities greatly desired, 258 ; splendor of the pyramids when 

 perfect, 258; aggregate testimony of Egyptian monu- 

 ments, according to M. de Eouge, 258, 259 ; Egypt before 

 and at the time of Moses. 258, 259 ; value of conclusions. 

 259 ; monuments on the Euphrates and Tigris, 259 ; cu- 

 neiform inscriptions, 259 ; texts on cylinders of clay, 259; 

 M. Pictet's researches, 259; the eighteenth Egyptian dy- 

 nasty rich in monuments, 259; early religion monothe- 

 istic, 259, 260 ; documents of the earlier dynasties, 2(iO ; 

 M. Mariette's valuable researches in Egyptian antiquities, 

 260; opening of pyramids at Sakkara, 260, 261 ; Maspero's 

 prosecution of the work, 261 ; discovery of royal mum- 

 mies at Thebes, 261 ; list of these, with the dynasty, 261, 

 262; pyramid of Senefru at Meydoum, 262; probable 

 age and importance in Egyptology, 262 ; recent Assyrian 

 and Babylonian researches, 262 ; Mr. G. Smith's labors in 

 this field, 262, 263; other workers, 263; M. Kassam's 

 discoveries at Sippara, 263 ; date and position of the Hit- 

 tites,263, 264; powerful people, 264; the religious sense 

 in early nations of antiquity, 264. 



Electrical Energy, Storage of. Need of a storage-battery, 

 264; how the storing of energy of an electric current be- 

 comes possible, 264; the process described, 264, 265; po- 

 larization of the electrodes, 265: researches of Volta, Eit- 

 ter, Davy, etc., 265 ; M. Plante's experiments and results, 

 265; M. Faure's further improvements. 265; labors of 

 other scientists, 265, 266 ; Thomson and Houston's stor- 

 age-cell, 266 ; H. Sutton's experiments, 266 ; valuable re- 

 sults, 266 ; experiments on the Faure cell, 266, 267 ; results 

 thus far, 267 ; table of cost of accumulators, according to 

 size, etc., 267; heavy expense as at present made, 26S. 



Electric Lighting, Progress of. Arc-lamps for out-door, 

 incandescent for house lighting, 268; the Edison and 

 other companies' lamps, 26S ; the regulator arc lamp, and 

 pure incandescent, 268; likely to survive, 268, 269; Eey- 

 nier's improvements on regulators, 269; two new dy- 

 namo-machines, Gordon and Thomson Ferranti, 269; 

 description of the latter, 269, 270; Gordon machine, 

 largest yet constructed, 270 ; description and power of, 

 270; electric lighting in New York city, 270, 271; Edi- 

 son's system and working, 271 ; description of machines, 

 etc. (with illustrations), 271,272; success in operation, 

 272 ; the Brush-Swan Company's system, 272, 273 ; the 

 United States Electric Light Company's plan, 273 ; report 

 of commission of French experts on the chief lamps and 

 machines, 273; table of continuous current generators 

 and lamps, 274; report of committee on incandescent 

 lamps, 275; description of the four chief lamps, 275; 

 method of measuring efficiency of these lamps, 275, 276 ; 

 resistance of lamps cold, 276; methods of calculation, 

 276, 277; tables of summary of the results, 277; conclu- 

 sions drawn from these results, 277. 



EMERSON, EALPH WALDO. An American philosopher and 



