14 



ANGLICAN CHURCHES. 



ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES. 



ton Norris, the Rev. Edwin Hatch, D.D., and 

 Prebendary Ainslie ; " On the Results of Re- 

 cent Historical Research upon the Old and 

 New Testament Scriptures," by the Bishop of 

 Durham ; on " Recently Discovered Inscrip- 

 tions and Documents of the Early Christian 

 Church " ; by Captain Condor on " The Survey 

 of Mtiub, Gilead, and Bashan"; and by Canon 

 Tristram, on " The Bearing of Geographical and 

 Ari'luoological Exploration on the Old Testa- 

 ment " ; on " Lay Ministration in Churches, in 

 other Buildings, and in the Parish generally, " 

 by Mr. C. Mackeson, followed by an oral dis- 

 cussion, u On Foreign Chaplaincies, their Epis- 

 copal Supervision, and the Relation of English 

 and American Congregations," by the Rev. 

 Dr. Nevin, of Rome, Mr. Hallam Murphy, and 

 Bishop Titcomb ; " On Music as an Aid to Wor- 

 ship and Work," by Mr. W. Parratt, the Rev. 

 S. A. Barnett, and the Rev. C. Hylton Stew- 

 art. A men's meeting in the evening was ad- 

 dressed by the Archbishop of York and other 

 speakers. On the third day papers were read: 

 44 On Parochial Missions, in the Stages of Prepa- 

 ration, Conduct, and Sequel," by the Rev. Dr. 

 Pigou, Mr. C. Powell, General Secretary of the 

 Church of England Workingmen's Society, the 

 Rev. W. II. Aitken, and Canon Lloyd; "On 

 the Religious Side of Elementary Education in 

 Church Schools and in Board Schools," by the 

 Rev. J. Nunn, Lord Norton, and others; "On 

 Foreign Missions, with Reference to Societies, 

 Special Missions, and Mission Boards," by the 

 Rev. M. H. Tucker, Mr. P. V. Smith, and the 

 Rev. L. Rivington ; " On the Best Means of 

 raising the Standard of Public Morality," by 

 the Rev. E. Thring, Capt. Seton Churchill, 

 the Rev. Dr. Griffiths, and the Rev. G. F. 

 Browne; "On England's Religious Duties to- 

 ward Egypt," by Maj.-Gen. Sir F. J. Goldsmid, 

 Dean Butcher, and the Rev. G. B. Howard; 

 and " On the Influence of the Reformation 

 upon England, with Special Reference to the 

 Work find Writings of John Wycliffe," by 

 Prof. Montagu Burrows, Prof. Creighton, and 

 Canon Dixon. The morning of the last day's 

 session was devoted to the consideration of 

 44 Some of the Aids to Holiness, including the 

 Study of the Lives of Holy Men and Women, 

 Active and Self-denying Charity, and Worship 

 and Holy Communion," on which papers were 

 read by the Rev. Sir Emilius Bayley, the Rev. 

 K. II. Bickersteth, Mr. Titus Salt, M. P., the 

 Rev. R. W. Randall, the Rev. D. Bardsley, and 

 Canon Burroughs. Other subjects were " The 

 Advantages of an Established Church," with 

 papers by the Earl of Carnarvon, the Bishop 

 of Winchester, Mr. Albert Grey, M. P., the 

 Rev. T. Moore, Mr. S. Leighton, M. P., and 

 others, and " The Duty of the Christian Teach- 

 er with regard to National Politics " ; papers 

 by the Rev. J. Llewellyn Davies, the Rev. F. F. 

 Goe, Mr. George Harwood, and the Dean of 

 Manchester. 



ANTIPYRCM. See DRUGS, NKW. 



ANTISEPTICS. See SUBGEBY. 



ARCHM)LOGICAL DISCOVERIES. American 



Shell-Heaps and Aboriginal Mounds. Investigation 

 of aboriginal relics in the United States is con- 

 ducted under the auspices of local societies, 

 and encouraged by the Peabody Museum of 

 American Archaaology and Ethnology. Ex- 

 tensive shell-heaps have been found on the 

 coast of Maine, the more important ones hav- 

 ing been remarked at Keene's Point on Mus- 

 congus Sound, and on the Damariscotta river. 

 The shell-heap at Keene's Point, although the 

 larger and older part of it has probably been 

 washed away by the sea, still extends about 

 eighty feet inland, and stretches for more than 

 two hundred feet along the shore. It consists 

 chiefly of clam-shells, with smaller proportions 

 of other species, and was found to contain 

 bones of deer, moose, bear, fox, otter, skunk, 

 beaver, of large birds, principally herons and 

 ducks, fishes, and turtles. The deposit was 

 particularly rich in fragments of cord-marked 

 and incised pottery. An unusually large num- 

 ber of stone implements were found, including 

 rude hammer-stones, chipped stone points, and 

 one polished celt, with bone points of various 

 kinds. A few articles of iron, and English 

 clay pipes, found just below the surface, indi- 

 cated that the deposit had been added to after 

 contact with the whites, "though there can be 

 no doubt that it was commenced long before 

 that time." Several mounds near Brentwood, 

 Williamson County, Tennessee, were explored 

 in 1882. From Hunt's mound, which is now, 

 after a long period of cultivation, ten feet high 

 and ninety-five feet in diameter, a red- elm 

 tree, three and a half feet in diameter, was cut 

 in 1875. Leading from the mound to a large 

 boiling spring a furlong away, is a deeply 

 worn trail, which can still be distinctly traced 

 through the woods, where it is, in places, three 

 feet deep and four feet wide. Nothing was 

 found in the mound to indicate distinctly that 

 it had been used for burial, or for cremation, 

 but there were many stone graves in the im- 

 mediate vicinity. This, with the fact that 

 another and much larger mound twenty miles 

 away is similarly surrounded by stone graves, 

 suggested that mounds of this class may mark 

 the sites of ancient cemeteries. 



At about a mile from this mound are the re- 

 mains of a cemetery that formerly covered sev- 

 eral acres, of which eighty graves, previously 

 undisturbed, were opened. They were of the 

 same character as those of which Mr. Putnam, 

 the curator of the Peabody Museum and the 

 present explorer, and Mr. Curtis, had previous- 

 ly explored several thousands in the Cumber- 

 land Valley. They were made of large slabs 

 of stone placed edgewise, to form the sides and 

 ends, on which other flat stones rested, form- 

 ing the tops of the graves. The bottoms of the 

 cists were sometimes lined with small stones, 

 but oftener with large potsherds, and, in some 

 instances, probably with bark. In several of 

 the graves, two or three, and in one instance 

 five, bodies were buried. Considerable well- 



