ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES. (AMERICA.) 



17 



and studies of the sedentary Indians of New 

 Mexico. He has determined that the area oc- 

 cupied by the former abodes of the sedentary 

 Indians is limited on the east by the region 

 lying forty miles west of the river Pecos in 

 New Mexico, and extending westwardly to 

 within about one hundred miles of the Colo- 

 rado, while to the north it stretched nearly to 

 the fortieth degree of latitude. As for its 

 southern limit, it is known that, at the time of 

 their discovery, all the ruins of stone or adobe 

 in central and southern Arizona, and in the 

 southwestern part of New Mexico, and as far 

 down the Rio Grande as San Marcial, had been 

 abandoned prior to the coming of the Span- 

 iards. Tbe general disposition of these ancient 

 remains is indicated by that of the permanent 

 water-courses, with their timber and cultivated 

 soil ; while the particular location is frequently 

 determined by the strength of the position. 

 In the course of his work, during 1883, he ex- 

 amined a considerable number of pueblos and 

 villages of "small houses," including some 

 whose names are associated with the history 

 of the Spanish conquest, and others which had 

 a traditional fame. As the conclusion of his 

 architectural studies among these ruins, Mr. 

 Bandelier finds a well-defined system of growth 

 from the temporary Indian lodge to the pueblo 

 house of to-day. The winter houses of the 

 northern tribes, with their chimneys, are par- 

 alleled in everything but material by the 

 u small houses " of New Mexico and Arizona. 

 Among the tribe called Hava-supay, cognates 

 of the Moquis, dwelling in the cafions of the 

 Colorado, the house built of wood and mud is 



proved to be not an exotic, but the result of 

 natural growth. In Mr. Bandelier's .judgment, 

 the great number of ruins scattered through 

 New Mexico and the neighboring Territories is 

 by no means an evidence of a large population 

 at any one time. His opinion, confirmed by 

 the traditions of the Zuflis and the Pimas, is that 

 a large number of ruined buildings were suc- 

 cessively and not simultaneously occupied by the 

 same people. While the variety in the archi- 

 tectural shapes, he continues, " is evidence that 

 the population has fluctuated back and forth, 

 and while it is hardly to be doubted that most 

 of the different classes of houses were simul- 

 taneously occupied in sections distant from 

 each other, it is scarcely probable that two or 

 more kinds were inhabited at the same time in 

 one and the same district. These variations 

 indicate, therefore, the successive changes in 

 population, and are the elementary guides to 

 the local history of a pre- documentary past." 

 In a report of the progress of his work in Jan- 

 uary, 1884, Mr. Bandelier mentions observations 

 of dwellings in caves and u cave villages" on 

 the head-waters of the Sapillo, a tributary of 

 the Gila river, and on the Gila itself. In con- 

 nection with these peculiar structures, which 

 " are perhaps larger than the open-air ruins, 

 compactness compensating for the limitation 

 in space," it is said that wherever the topog- 

 raphy permits, villages were erected in open 

 spaces. A report has been published, through 

 the Archaeological Institute, of an archaaological 

 tour that Mr. Bandelier made in Mexico in 

 1881. It contains accounts of the explorer's 

 observations of the mounds of Cholula and of 



THE GREAT MOUND OF CHOLULA. 



a permanent home, and no longer only a win- 

 ter dwelling. As wood disappears, adobe con- 

 struction takes its place for the " small houses," 

 and from this to the many-storied pueblo build- 

 ing there is an unbroken chain of types; so 

 that the highest form of construction is thus 

 VOL. xxiv. 2 A 



the ruins at Mitla. Among the most remarka- 

 ble relics of Aztec civilization are the " Sacri- 

 ficial Calendar Stone," the u Sacrificial Stone," 

 and the idol called Teoyaomiqui, all of which 

 were dug up in the Great Plaza of Mexico. The 

 Calendar Stone is of porphyry, and bears the 



