24 



ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES. (THE TEOAD.) 



The other halls were connected with suites of 

 apartments, but the original plan of one of the 

 suites could not, on account of repeated resto- 

 rations, be distinctly recognized. The founda- 

 tions of the palace- walls rested upon the rocks, 

 and were joined without any binding material. 

 The walls themselves were partly of quarry- 

 ; 'muled with clay and partly of sun- 

 dried bricks. The outsides of the walls were 

 plastered with clay, then covered with a coat- 

 ing of chalk, and painted in red, yellow, black, 

 white, and blue, with ornamentation similar to 

 that which has been found at Mycen, Or- 

 chomenos, and Menidi, and figural representa- 

 tions, among which are mentioned a bull on 

 which a man is dancing like an equestrian per- 

 former, and large fragments representing wings 

 or sea-animals. A great number of sculptured 

 ornaments were found in the ruins,- among 

 which are described as most worthy of men- 

 tion, plain spiral ornaments of a green stone ; 

 a frieze of alabaster resembling a Doric tri- 

 glyph frieze, in which the triglyphs are deco- 

 rated with small rosettes and the metopes 

 with palmettes and spirals, and which was 

 ornamented all over with pieces of blue glass ; 

 and a Doric capital of porous stone, with six- 

 teen flutings. The age of the ruins was indi- 

 cated by " enormous masses " of knives and 

 arrow-heads, of a very primitive form, of ob- 

 sidian, painted horned Hera-idols, and numer- 

 ous archaic terra-cotta vases with most ancient 

 paintings in colors. The total absence is re- 

 marked, notwithstanding search was made for 

 them, of varnished black, red, or yellow Hel- 

 lenic terra-cottas. These facts are to Dr. 

 Schliemann proof that Tiryns, as well as My- 

 cenae, was destroyed in a remote prehistoric 

 age. Evidence that the palace was destroyed 

 by fire appears in the masses of charcoal, 

 burned bricks, and calcined stones, and the 

 cementation of the clay plastering into a solid 

 terra-cotta. Evidences were found of the ex- 

 istence of a settlement on the rock before the 

 palace and the great walls were built, in the 

 discovery, about sixteen feet below the floor 

 of the upper citadel, of the remains of a cham- 

 ber containing hand-made monochromatic pot- 

 tery, much like that which had been found in 

 the two most ancient cities of Troy. A few 

 hand-made vases with rudely painted stripes 

 were also found in this chamber. The low 

 table-land around the Acropolis was examined 

 for relics of the residences of the ancient city, 

 and evidences were obtained of their early ex- 

 there, and of the continued duration of 

 the lower city for a long number of centuries 

 nft.-r the destruction of the royal palace; pos- 

 sibly till the end of the fourth century B. o. 

 No fcraoei .f tlu- tombs of the ancient kings 

 were found in the immediate neighborhood of 

 Tiryns. 



The Tunmlns of Marathon. Dr. Schliemann 

 has explored the great tumulus at Marathon, 



to solve a .piesfi>n that had arisen in his mind 

 whether it were not of earlier date than the 



battle of Marathon, B. o. 490, and in fact pre- 

 historic. He sunk a shaft from the top of the 

 mound to the depth of one metre below the 

 level of the plain, when deeper digging was 

 prevented by the flowing in of water. The 

 earth of which the tumulus was formed con- 

 sisted alternately of clay and sand. The objects 

 of human industry discovered were of very 

 archaic pottery, wheel-made or hand-made, a 

 part of them thoroughly, others only very 

 superficially, baked. The bulk of the pottery 

 is, like the Trojan, well polished, and was 

 dipped before baking into a solution of well- 

 cleaned clay, from which it acquired on one 

 side, and often on both sides, a lustrous dark- 

 yellow color. The ornamentation is various, 

 and all archaic, leading Dr. Schliemann to as- 

 sign to the work an antiquity of not later than 

 the ninth century B. c., while the knives and 

 arrow-heads of obsidian point to a much higher 

 antiquity. A fragment of a vase of Egyptian 

 porcelain was found, but no trace of human 

 skeletons or of a funeral. Dr. Schliemann con- 

 cludes that the hillock is a mere cenotaph, 

 which belongs most probably to the ninth cent- 

 ury B. o., and that the theory that identifies 

 it with the Polyandrion of the 192 Athenians 

 slain at Marathon must fall to the ground. 



Other Excavations in Greece. The excavations 

 that have been going on for several years 

 under the direction of the Archaeological So- 

 ciety of Athens upon the site of the temple of 

 Asclepios at Epidaurus and of the Amphiarion 

 at Oropos, have resulted in the discovery of 

 numerous pieces of sculpture and inscriptions 

 of value. Excavations have been resumed 

 under the same direction at Eleusis. Excava- 

 tions have been begun by the direction of the 

 Government and under the personal supervi- 

 sion of Dr. Dorpfeld, for the exploration of the 

 entire site of the Acropolis of Athens. The 

 work that was done two years ago southeast 

 of the Parthenon resulted in the discovery of 

 some very beautiful and remarkable monu- 

 ments and remains of ancient Attic art. 



Later Investigations of the Site of Troy Dr. 

 Schliemann, having completed his excavations 

 at Hissarlik, has published the final conclu- 

 sions drawn from his investigations, which 

 were continued at intervals through ten years, 

 in a book entitled " Troja." The further and 

 more thorough examination of the hill at His- 

 sarlik and the adjacent plain has led him to 

 revise the views that he had set forth in his 

 " Troy " and " Ilios " ; and while he finds his 

 opinion that the spot is the true site of the 

 Homeric Troy and of the Roman Ilium con- 

 firmed, he admits that he was mistaken as to 

 some of the details of his previous identifica- 

 tions, and that he had not exactly understood 

 the character of the ruins he had examined, 

 and had not sufficiently appreciated the extent 

 of the ancient city. Dr. Schliemann, in dig- 

 ging at the hill of Hissarlik, had distinguished 

 what he regarded as the ruins of seven cities, 

 one built upon the ruins of a previous one, the 



