ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES. (THE TBOAD.) 



uppermost and most recent of which he re- 

 garded as the historic or Roman Ilium. In his 

 older surveys he supposed that the third city 

 from the bottom was the Troy of Homer. 

 His later researches showed that this was a 

 mistake, and that it was the second city that 

 should have been regarded as corresponding 

 with that Troy. The mistake arose from the 

 fact, which was made apparent on further ex- 

 amination, that the people of the third city had 

 built their houses among the colossal masses 

 of calcined ruins of the second city, without 

 attempting either to level or remove them, and 

 that these ruins were at first confounded with 

 the houses of the same stratum in which they 

 appeared, instead of being assigned to the 

 stratum whence their foundations rose. From 

 the more careful examination of the second 

 stratum of ruins, and the extension of the in- 

 vestigations into the surrounding level, Dr. 

 Schliemann now claims to have finally proved 

 that " in a remote antiquity there was in the 

 plain of Troy a large city destroyed of old by a 

 fearful catastrophe ; that the hill of Hissarlik 

 was only the Acropolis of this city, occupied by 

 its temples and a few .other large edifices, 

 while the lower city extended east, south, and 

 west, on the site of the later Ilium ; and that, 

 consequently, this city answers perfectly to the 

 Homeric description of the site of ' sacred 

 Ilios.' " This city was laboriously fortified, 

 and its fortifications were in time renewed and 

 extended. The walls and some of the chief 

 edifices were constructed of sun-dried bricks, 

 and were baked by fires raised against them 

 after they were built up. The relics found in 

 the ruins indicate that iron was not in use in 

 this city ; that implements and weapons of 

 stone were equally prevalent with those of 

 bronze ; and that the gold-maker's art had at- 

 tained a high degree of development. 



Of the later Ilium have been found inscrip- 

 tions, coins, architectural and sculptural frag- 

 ments of two Doric temples, parts of a theatre 

 capable of accommodating six thousand spec- 

 tators, and portions of the walls. 



American Archaeological Research at Assos. The 

 Archaeological Institute of America, after two 

 years of work, has completed its excavations 

 of Assos in the Troad. This city, which Joseph 

 T. Clarke identifies with the city described by 

 Homer as the steep and lofty Pedasos, the 

 capital of the Leleges and the residence of 

 King Altes, the father-in-law of Priam, and 

 with the " Pedasa" mentioned in an Egyptian 

 papyrus as a state whose people assisted the 

 Hittites in the wars of Rameses II, was situated 

 in a volcanic crater that rises directly and steep- 

 ly from the sea to a height of about eight hun- 

 dred feet, and commands an imposing view. 

 The remains discovered in the excavations dis- 

 play the various phases of Greek civilization 

 during twenty-four centuries. Before the work 

 of exploration was begun, Col. Martin Leake, 

 an English archaeologist, contemplating the 

 solid and accurate masonry of a part of the 



walls, which date from the fourth century B. o., 

 had spoken of the ruins of Assos as present- 

 ing the most perfect idea of a Greek city that 

 had hitherto been obtained. The first year's 

 excavations of the Archaeological Association 

 were made about the temple upon the Acropolis. 

 Among the archaic bas-reliefs and sculptures 

 which decorated the building were found the 

 crouching sphinxes that formed the coat-of- 

 arins of the city, combats between lions, 'wild 

 boars, and deer, in the Assyrian style, and a 

 scene from the episode of Hercules and the 

 Centaurs, which is worthy of especial mention 

 as being the only known monumental work 

 of art yet discovered in which the Centaurs 

 are represented as having human fore-legs. An 

 ancient bridge, which was partially excavated, 

 is the only known example of a Greek bridge. 

 The excavations made during the two years in 

 the market-place revealed the Agora to be a 

 more interesting work, and made it more com- 

 pletely known, than even the Forum of Pom- 

 peii. Along one of its sides extended a two- 

 storied colonnade, or stoa, 350 feet long, made 

 of the andesite of the mountain, which strik- 

 ingly resembled the colonnade around the Tem- 

 ple of Athena at Pergamon. Next to it is the 

 Bouleuterion, apparently of the same date, in 

 which the archives of the city were kept. 

 On the south side of the Agora stood a build- 

 ing that forms the only known example of a 

 Greek bath, and is the only four-storied struct- 

 ure of antiquity ever recovered. A complete 

 ideal restoration of it was made. It consisted, 

 according to the description given by Mr. 

 Joseph Thacher Clarke, " of an enormous hall, 

 going through two stories, with, twenty -six 

 chambers upon one side ; above this structure 

 was a colonnade, the floor of which was upon 

 a level with the Agora. In front of the stoa 

 was an enormous basin for the reception of 

 rain-water, covered by stone slabs, and so 

 paved in that it was not visible to persons on 

 the market-place ; from it ran a subterranean 

 conduit to the lower story of the bath, whence 

 there were arrangements for the water to flow 

 into the thirteen lower cells. The refuse water 

 was drawn off into a larger basin beneath the 

 bath-building, where there was again another 

 reservoir to receive the clean water from its 

 roof. This last reservoir was connected with 

 the street, and so formed a grand public fount- 

 ain, supplying pure water for the consumption 

 of the people, while the water of the refuse 

 basin adjoining it was used for the cooling of 

 the theatre in the lower town. Next to the 

 bath was built, in later times, a small temple 

 (Heroon), in which the bodies of the bene- 

 factors of the city were deposited ; their names 

 were still found inscribed upon the entablature. 

 At the east end of the Agora was the bema, 

 the tribune of the orator in addressing a crowd. 

 The level here was raised above the market- 

 place, and flagged, while the remainder, like 

 all Greek streets before the Christian era, was 

 unpaved." The theatre was well recovered: 



