ARCTIC EXPLORATION. 



31 



North Water at Cape York with the foremost whaler. 

 They gained a yard whenever possible, and always 

 held it. Smith's Sound was crossed and party res- 

 cued during one of the most violent gales we nave ever 

 known. Boats handled only at imminent risk of 

 swamping. Four of us then unable to walk, and 

 could not have survived exceeding twenty-four hours. 

 Every care and attention given us. Saved and bring 

 back copies meteorological, tidal, astronomical, mag- 

 netic, pendulum, and other observations ; also pen- 

 dulum, Yale, and standard thermometer. Forty- 

 eight photographic negatives, collection of blanks, and 

 photographic proofs. 



For the first time in three centuries England yields 

 the honor of the farthest north. Lieut. Lockwood 

 and Sergt. Brainerd, May 13th, reached Lockwood 

 Island, latitude 83 24', longitude 44 5'. They saw, 



saw the northern shore termination, some twenty 

 miles west, the southern shore extending some fifty 

 miles, with Cape Lockwood some seventy miles dis- 

 tant, apparently a separate land from Grinnell Land. 

 Have named the new land Arthur Land. Lieut. Lock- 

 wood followed, going and returning on ice-cap aver- 

 aging about 150 feet perpendicular face. It follows 

 that the Grinnell Land interior is ice-capped with a 

 belt of country some sixty miles wide between the 

 northern and southern ice-caps. 



In March, 1884, Sergt. Long, while hunting, looked 

 from the northwest side of Mount Carey to Hayes 

 Sound, seeing on the northern coast three capes west- 

 ward of the farthest seen by Nares in 1876. The 

 sound extends some twenty miles farther west than 

 shown by the English chart, but is possibly shut in 

 by land which showed up across the western end. 



FARTHEST POINT NORTH YET REACHED, LATITUDE 83* 34', LONGITUDE 44 5'. 



from 2,000 feet elevation, no land north or north- 

 west, but to the northeast, Greenland, Cape Eobert 

 Lincoln, latitude 83 35', longitude 38. Lieut. Lock- 

 wood was turned back in 1883 by open water on 

 North Greenland shore, party barely escaping drift 

 into Polar Ocean. Dr. Pavy, in 1882, following 

 Markham route, was adrift one day in Polar Ocean 

 north of Cape Joseph Henry, and escaped to land, 

 abandoning nearly everything. In 1882 I made a 

 spring and later a summer trip into the interior of 

 Grinnell Land, discovering Lake Hazen, some sixty 

 by ten miles in extent, which, fed by ice-cap of North 

 Grinnell Land, drains Ruggles Eiver and Weyprecht 

 Fiord into Conybeare Bay and Archer Fiord. From 

 the summit of Mount Arthur, 5,000 feet, the contour 

 of land west of the Conger Mountains convinced me 

 that Grinnell Land tends directly south from Lieut. 

 Aldrich's farthest in 1876. In 1883 Lieut. Lock- 

 wood and Sergt. Brainerd succeeded in crossing 

 Grinnell Land, and ninety miles from Beatrix Bay, 

 the head of Archer's Fiord, struck the head of a fiord 

 from the western sea, temporarily named by Lock- 

 wood the Greely Flora. From the center of the fiord, 

 in latitude 80 30', longitude 78' 30', Lieut. Lockwood 



The two years' station duties, observations, all ex- 

 plorations, and the retreat to Cape Sabine were ac- 

 complished without loss of life, disease, serious ac- 

 cident, or even severe frost-bites. No scurvy was 

 experienced at Conger, and but one death from it oc- 

 curred last whiter. 



The story of the relief trips, as gathered from 

 the officers of the Thetis and Bear, may be 

 briefly told. The Thetis arrived at Disco, on 

 the coast of Greenland, May 22d, ten days from 

 St. John's. The Bear had arrived on the 15th, 

 and, after one ineffectual attempt to proceed to 

 Upernavik, had departed a second time for that 

 point on the 21st. The Thetis proceeded in 

 the same direction, accompanied still by the 

 Loch Garry, on the 24th, and after severe 

 struggles with the ice, using torpedoes to open 

 the way, arrived at Upernavik, May 29th, and 

 joined the Bear. Several Dundee whalers were 

 encountered, anxious to join in the search. 



